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Question 1

Social interaction with little or no organization

Children seem to be more interested in each other than in the tasks they are performing

Answer 1

Associative Play

Question 2

Two children sit next to each other and play independently with the same toys

Answer 2

Parallel Play

Question 3

Child watches other children play

The child may talk with other children but does not enter into their play

Answer 3

Onlooker Play

Question 4

Child plays alone and independently of others

The child seems engaged in the activity and does not care much about anything else that is happening

Answer 4

Solitary Play

Question 5

Not play as it is commonly understood

The child may stand in one spot or perform random movements that do not seem to have a goal

Answer 5

Unoccupied Play

Question 6

Social interaction in a group with a sense of group
identity and organized activity
(e.g.) formal games, competition aimed at winning.
you are mom, i’m dad…

Answer 6

Cooperative Play

Question 7

Social Support 
More compliance
More talking
Greetings
More praise
Looking at each other more often
More laughing
Emotionally more expressive

Answer 7

First Friendship

Question 8

Freud emphasizes feelings of anxiety and guilt
• Oedipus conflict
• Children identify with parents to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment
• Superego: moral element of personality

Answer 8

moral feeling: Guilt

Question 9

Reacting to another person’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other’s feelings
• Empathy → moral action

Answer 9

moral feeling: Empathy

Question 10

Heteronomous morality → Transition period →

Autonomous morality

Answer 10

Moral Reasoning: Piaget

Question 11

Justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the
world
• Behavior is judged based on its consequences only
• If a rule is broken, punishment will be given
immediately

Answer 11

Heteronomous morality (4-7)

Question 12

Rules and laws are created by people

• Actions and intentions should be judged

Answer 12

Autonomous Morality (10-)

Question 13

The processes of reinforcement, punishment, and
imitation explain the development of this
• Ability to resist temptation and delay gratification
is closely tied to the development of self-control

Answer 13

Moral Behavior

Question 14

The ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward
• Marshmallow experiment

Answer 14

Delayed gratification

Question 15

“I am Yumi.”
“I got this new red T-shirt.”
“I’m 4 years old.”
“I can brush my teeth.”
“I made this big, big tower.”
“I am happy when I play with my friends.”
“I don’t like being with grown-ups.”
“I am helpful.”
“I’m shy.”

Answer 15

Foundations of Self-Concept

Question 16

this provide young children with learning experiences they can get in no other way
• these relations are necessary for normal
socioemotional development
• Preference for same-sex playmates increases in
early childhood

Answer 16

Peer Relations