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IGCSE Chemistry > C8 - Acids, Bases, and Salts > Flashcards

C8 - Acids, Bases, and Salts Flashcards

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1
Q

What pH value(s) are acidic?

A

<7

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2
Q

What pH value(s) are alkaline?

A

> 7

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3
Q

What pH value(s) are neutral?

A

7

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4
Q

What color does universal indicator litmus turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?

A

Acidic - red
Alkaline - blue

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5
Q

What color does red litmus turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?

A

Acidic - red
Alkaline - blue

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6
Q

What color does blue litmus turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?

A

Acidic - red
Alkaline - blue

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7
Q

What color does phenolphthalein turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?

A

Acidic - colorless
Alkaline - pink

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8
Q

What color does methyl orange turn in acidic and alkaline solutions?

A

Acidic - pink/red
Alkaline - yellow/orange

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9
Q

What does a metal + acid reaction make?

A

salt + hydrogen

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10
Q

What does an acid + base reaction make?

A

salt + water

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11
Q

What does a metal oxide + acid reaction make?

A

salt + water

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12
Q

What does a metal carbonate + acid reaction make?

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What is the formula for concentration?

A

Concentration = Amount of compound/Volume

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14
Q

Are non-metal oxides acidic or alkaline?

A

acidic.

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15
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

a lit splint will combust with a (squeaky) pop

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16
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

a glowing splint will relight

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17
Q

What is the test for ammonia?

A

turns damp red litmus paper blue - also has a pungent odor

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18
Q

What is the test for chlorine?

A

turns damp blue litmus paper red

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19
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

turns limewater cloudy/milky

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20
Q

What is the difference between a dilute acid/alkali and a concentrated acid/alkali?

A

A dilute acid alkali has a lower particle to volume ration than a concentrated acid/alkali.

21
Q

What is the difference between a strong acid/alkali and a weak acid/alkali?

A

A strong acid/alkali is highly dissociated and a weak acid/alkali is partially dissociated.

22
Q

What does an ammonium salt + base reaction make?

A

salt + water + ammonia

23
Q

How to create an ionic equation?

A

Balanced equation > add charges > remove spectator ions > ionic equation

24
Q

What are the 3 methods for preparing/making salts?

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Titration
  3. Reaction of acids with excess insoluble substances
25
Q

Are sodium, potassium, and ammonium soluble?

A

yes

26
Q

Are nitrates soluble?

A

yes

27
Q

Are common chlorides soluble?

A

All soluble except for lead and silver.

28
Q

Are common sulfates soluble?

A

All soluble except for lead, barium, and calcium.

29
Q

Are common carbonates and hydroxides soluble?

A

All insoluble except sodium, potassium, and ammonium.

30
Q

How to make insoluble salts using the precipitation method? [4]

A
  1. Mix chemicals/solutions.
  2. Filter it.
  3. Wash the filtered precipitate.
  4. Leave it to dry.
31
Q

How to make salts using the excess solid method? [4]

A
  1. Add insoluble compound to heated acid.
  2. Filter the solution.
  3. Place in evaporating dish and heat it.
  4. Let it evaporate and leave the crystals.
32
Q

How to make salts using the titration method? [4]

A
  1. Start with the base that has an indicator in it (phenolphthalein)
  2. Add an acid from a biurette until the solution is colorless
  3. Gently heat the solution to evaporate the water
  4. Leave to crystallize.
33
Q

What is the formula for concentration that involves moles?

A

Concentration = No. of moles/Volume

34
Q

What are the metals and their corresponding colors for the cation test?

A

Crimson/red - lithium
Orange/red - calcium
Yellow - Sodium
Green - Copper (II)
Lilac - Potassium

35
Q

What are salts?

A

Ionic compounds.

36
Q

What is the difference between a base and an alkali?

A

An alkali is a base that is soluble in water.

37
Q

What type of reaction is an acid + base?

A

Neutralisation.

38
Q

Why are alkalis added to soil?

A

To neutralise the soil if it is too acidic so that crops can grow.

39
Q

What happens when aluminum reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

White precipitation, soluble in excess giving a colorless solution.

40
Q

What happens when aluminum reacts with aqueous ammonia?

A

White precipitation, insoluble in excess.

41
Q

What happens when zinc reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

White precipitation, soluble in excess giving a colorless solution.

42
Q

What happens when zinc reacts with aqueous ammonia?

A

White precipitation, soluble in excess giving a colorless solution.

43
Q

What happens when calcium reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

White precipitation, insoluble in excess.

44
Q

What happens when calcium reacts with aqueous ammonia?

A

No precipitation or a very slight white precipitation.

45
Q

What happens when copper (II) reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

Light blue precipitation, insoluble in excess.

46
Q

What happens when copper (II) reacts with aqueous ammonia?

A

Light blue precipitation, soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution.

47
Q

What happens when chromium reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

Green precipitation, soluble in excess.

48
Q

What happens when chromium reacts with aqueous ammonia?

A

IGCSE Chemistry (5 decks)

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