C8 Flashcards
what is kinetic particle model of matter
it is made up of tiny particles that are in continuous motion
what happens to particles when you transfer energy continuously to a solid object
energy is transferred to kinetic store -> particles vibrate, get closer or further to e/o -> spring is compressed or extended -> energy in elastic potential store increases -> increased separation -> attractive forces weaker -> particles break away and roam freely
so when energy is transferred to solid object we can say that it’s internal store ( potential + kinetic energy) increases and it’s particles push each other further apart so the object expands.
object changes from solid to liquid
solid
-arrangement
-motion
liquid
-arrangement
-motion
gas
-arrangement
-motion
Arrangement - Particles are closely packed and arranged in a regular pattern. The particles in solids have the least energy among the three states of matter.
Motion- Particles vibrate about fixed positions. They are held in position by strong attractive forces between the particles.
Solids have the highest densities. ( arrangement)
Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape. ( motion)
Arrangement-Particles are slightly less closely Liquids have a slightly lower packed than in solids and arranged in an irregular pattern. Motion-The particles slide over each other throughout the liquid without fixed positions. The forces holding the particles together are weaker than in a solid.
liquids have lower density than solids. ( arrangement)
Liquids have a fixed volume and no fixed shape. (motion)
Arrangement-Particles are very far apart from one another in an irregular pattern. The particles in gases have the most energy among the three states of matter.
Motion-The particles can move freely in any direction. The attractive forces between the particles are weak.
Gases have the lowest densities. ( arrangement)
Gases have no fixed volume (compressible) and no fixed shape. A gas takes up the volume and shape of its container. ( motion)
how does a thermometer work
how does KPM relate
When a substance such as water is heated, the energy in the kinetic store of the particles increases and the particles vibrate or move faster. Hence, when the thermometer is in contact with the water, the more energetic particles in the water transfer some of the energy to the less energetic particles in the thermometer through collisions. With more energy, the particles tend to push each other further apart so the matter expands. However, liquids expand more easily than solids. The liquid column in the thermometer expands noticeably along the calibrated scale but the length of the thermometer’s glass body hardly changes.
The temperature reading of a substance is thus an indication of the kinetic energy of the particles of the substance. Temperature rises with the average kinetic energy of the particles in a body and vice versa. The term “average” implies that the concept of temperature is applicable only to a collection of particles, never to a single particle.
pressure in KPM terms
The total force exerted by the gas per unit area is the pressure. At the particle level, pressure is the average force exerted by the particles per unit area.
pressure and volume r/s
Pressure inversely proportional to volume
Why pressure increases when volume decrease at constant temperature? When volume decreases, the particles collide with the walls of the container more frequently while the average velocities of the particles remained unchanged. The average force exerted on the wall increases. Since P = F/A, the pressure increases.
volume and temperature r/s
Pressure directly proportional to temperature
Why volume increases when temperature increase at constant pressure? When T increases, the average K.E of the particles increases. The average velocities of the particles increases. This caused the particles to collide with the walls more frequently andvigorously. The average force exerted on the wall increases. Therefore the force exerted on the walls cause the volume to increase. After the space expands, the frequency of the collision of the particles and the walls decrease. Therefore the pressure remains constant.
pressure and temperature r/s
Pressure directly proportional to temperature
Why pressure increases when temperature increase at constant volume? When T increases, the average K.E of the particles increase. The average velocities of the particles increases. This caused the particles to collide with the walls more frequently andvigorously. The average force exerted on the wall increases. Since P = F/A, the pressure increases.
gas:
movement
force
arrangement
distance
move freely at high speeds in all directions
weak intermolecular forces of attraction
far apart randomly arranged/irregular pattern
spread out
liquid
MFAD
slide past pne another
strong intermolecular forces of attraction
closely packed in a disorderly manner
little space between particles
solid
MFAD
vibrate about fixed positions
very strong intermolecular forces of attraction
closely packed in a orderly manner
little space between particles
how do gas molecules exert a pressure
they move at high speeds randomly colliding against the inner walls of the container exerting a force per unit area in the inner walls due to the collisions
