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Chemical pathology > C8 > Flashcards

C8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

A

albumin

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2
Q

What are the rest of proteins (excluding albumin) known as?

A

globulins

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3
Q

What causes an increase in total protein concentration?

A

Increased synthesis , artefactual stasis and dehydration

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4
Q

What causes a decrease in total protein concentration?

A

decreased synthesis (malabsorption), water overload , increased excretion and increased catabolism

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5
Q

What is protein electrophoresis?

A
  • Amino acids could be negative or positive
  • Migrate & different speeds in electric field to positive electrode
  • Albumins rapid and globulins slowly
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6
Q

What is the order of proteins in electrophoresis (from positive to negative electrode)

A
  • Albumin
  • Alpha-1 area
  • Alpha-2 area
  • Beta area
  • Lamda area
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7
Q

Name an Alpha-1 globulin

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin

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8
Q

Name Alpha-2 globulins

A

Haptoglobin
Caeruloplasmin
Alpha-2 macroglobulin

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9
Q

Name Beta-globulins

A
  • Transferrin

- Beta-2 microglobulin

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10
Q

Name a Lamda-globulin

A

Immunoglobulin G, A, M, E, D

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11
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A

protects extravascular space

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12
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A

Protects body surfaces - dimer

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13
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

Protects blood stream - pentamer

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14
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Involved in hypersensitivity reactions

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15
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

little known

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16
Q

List characteristics of albumin

A
  • 80% plasma oncotic pressure
  • Transports: BR, fatty acids, Ca, hormones and many drugs
  • Nutritional half-life of 20 days
17
Q

What causes hypoalbuminaemia?

A
  • decreased synthesis
  • increased volume of distribution (dilution)
  • increased excretion or catabolism
18
Q

What causes hyperalbuminaemia?

A

Acute dehydration

19
Q

What are the consequences of low albumin?

A
  • Oedema
  • Decreased binding and increase toxicity
  • Decrease in total serum calcium
20
Q

List characteristics of Alpha1- antitrypsin

A
  • Protease inhibitor

- Most important inhibitor of leucocyte elastase found in vascular endothelium

21
Q

When do Alpha1-antitrypsin levels increase or decrease?

A
  • increase: acute phase reaction

- decrease: in protein losing conditions

22
Q

List characteristics of Alpha2-macroglobulin

A

Protease inhibitor

23
Q

When do Alpha2-macroglobulin levels increase?

A

Protein losing conditions: increased synthesis and relative retention by glomerulus

24
Q

List characteristics of Haptoglobin

A
  • Alpha 2 fraction
  • Binds free Hb → removed by RES
  • Prevents loss of Hb and Fe in urine
  • Prevents lipid peroxidation by Hb
  • Anti&inflammatory
25
Q

When do haptoglobin levels increase and decrease?

A
  • Decreased in intravascular haemolysis

- Increased in acute phase response

26
Q

List characteristics of Caeruplasmin

A
  • Alpha 2 fraction
  • Transports copper
  • Oxidation of iron
27
Q

When do Caeruplasmin levels increase and decrease?

A
  • Decreased in Wilson’s

- Increased in acute phase reaction, pregnancy and oestrogen prescription

28
Q

List characteristics of Transferrin

A

Beta fraction

Fe transport

29
Q

When do transferrin levels increase and decrease?

A
  • Increased: iron-def. anaemia, pregnancy and estrogen prescription
  • Decreased in acute phase reaction and nephrotic syndrome
30
Q

List characteristics of Beta2 –microglobulin

A
  • Beta fraction

- Found in cell membranes

31
Q

When do Beta2 –microglobulin levels increase?

A

multiple myeloma

32
Q

Which proteins increase during acute phase reaction?

A

alpha1 and 2 globulins, beta fraction, complement and CRP

33
Q

Which proteins decrease during acute phase reaction?

A

albumin and transferrin

Chemical pathology (6 decks)

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