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Biology Honors Cambridge > C7: Transport In Plants > Flashcards

C7: Transport In Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the plant vascular system?

A

It is a complicated network of conducting tissues that interconnects all organs and transports materials

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2
Q

What does xylem transport and from where to where?

A

water and mineral ions from roots to the rest of the plant

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3
Q

What does phloem transport and from where to where?

A

sugar (sucrose) from source to sink

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4
Q

What direction(s) do xylem and phloem move in?

A
  • xylem moves up
  • phloem can move up and down
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5
Q

Describe the structure/location of the vascular bundles in a dicot root.

A

the VB forms a central stele with cross-shaped xylem on inside and phloem on outside (helps roots withstand the pulling strains due to water transport and growth)

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6
Q

Describe the structure/location of the vascular bundles in a dicot stem.

A

the VB are located on the outside and form a ring with the xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside (xylem closer to stem’s center for help support the plant)

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7
Q

Describe the structure/location of the vascular bundles in a dicot leaf.

A

the VB form the midrib and veins and spread from the center of the leaf in a parallel line; xylem is found on upper side of the VB while phloem is found on the lower side

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8
Q

What are the main transport organs in plants?

A

stems, roots, and leaves

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9
Q

What two broad categories can flowering plants be classified into?

A

monocotyledons & dicotyledons

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10
Q

What are the dermal tissues in plants?

A

epidermis and stomata

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11
Q

What are the ground tissues in plants?

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

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12
Q

What does TS and LS stand for?

A

transverse sections and longitudinal sections

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13
Q

What are some structural characteristics of parenchyma cells?

A
  • packing tissue
  • thin cellulose cell walls
  • vary in size
  • makes up cortex
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14
Q

What are the four functions of parenchyma?

A
  • food storage
  • aids in water movement / storage
  • support and gas exchange
  • contain chloroplast for photosynthesis
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15
Q

What are some structural characteristics of collenchyma cells?

A
  • thick pectin and hemicellulose walls
  • located below epidermis on outside of stems & midrib of leaves
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16
Q

What is the function of collenchyma?

A

support

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17
Q

What are some structural characteristics of sclerenchyma cells?

A
  • dead cells
  • cell walls contain lignin
  • empty inside
  • form fibers
  • no intracellular spaces
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18
Q

What is the function of sclerenchyma?

A

support and strength

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19
Q

What is lignin?

A

a hard material made by plants for support (strengthens xylem vessels and sclerenchyma cells)

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20
Q

Describe the overall path / flow of water in the root.

A
  1. root hairs/epidermis
  2. cortex (parenchyma)
  3. endodermis
  4. pericycle
  5. root xylem
21
Q

How are mineral ions and organic compounds transported throughout the plant?

A

they are transported by being dissolved in water (mineral ions -> xylem; organic compounds -> phloem)

22
Q

What is the purpose of root hairs?

A

to increase the surface area for absorption of water

23
Q

uptake of water VS uptake of minerals

A
  • uptake of water is passive and occurs by osmosis
  • uptake of minerals occurs by diffusion or active transport
24
Q

What is transpiration?

A

the process in which the plants lose water due to evaporation in the leaves and stem

25
Q

What are the two pathways that water and the dissolved solutes can take to move across the cortex?

A
  • Apoplastic: water moves through the cell walls
  • Symplastic: water moves from cell to cell via the plasmodesmata
26
Q

What cells make up xylem?

A

tracheids and xylem vessel elements

27
Q

vessel elements VS tracheids (structural)

A

vessel elements
- short cells arrange in rows forming large tubes
- large inner diameter and thinner cell walls
- small and abundant pits
- perforated plates
tracheids
- long cells with overlapping ends
- small inner diameter and thicker cell walls
- large and less abundant pits
- no perforated plates

28
Q

How do xylem vessel elements die?

A

as lignin increases, the contents of the cell die, leaving an empty space (lumen)

29
Q

Why do pits form?

A

lignin is not laid down where there are groups of plasmodesmata

30
Q

Why are pits important?

A

pits link together with neighboring pits and provide water flow between the conducting elements

31
Q

How is mass flow accomplished?

A

through cohesion (water attracted to water) and adhesion (water attracted to lignin and cellulose)

32
Q

When does an air lock occur?

A

when air bubbles form in the column of water (in the xylem), the water stops moving due to the blockage

33
Q

How can water get through an air lock?

A

water can escape through pits

34
Q

How is water able to move from the root to the leaves via osmosis?

A

The leaves have lower water potential due to transpiration

35
Q

Describe some features of the apoplast pathway.

A
  • most water travels through this route
  • water runs through cellulose walls, dead cells, and xylem hollow tubes
  • water moves by diffusion
  • apoplastic pathway occurs more rapidly than symplastic pathway
36
Q

What happens when water taking the apoplastic pathway reaches the Casparian strip (waterproof layer)?

A

water must go through the symplastic pathway (this helps control flow of mineral ions and generate root pressure)

37
Q

What material makes the Casparian strip waterproof?

A

suberin

38
Q

Describe some features of the symplast pathway.

A
  • water travels through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata or vacuole of cells
  • water moves by osmosis
  • movement of water is slower than apoplastic pathway
39
Q

What are some features of the root cap?

A
  • tip of root
  • not permeable to water
  • provides protection
40
Q

What is the source and the sink?

A
  • source: where assimilates are made
  • sink: where the assimilates are stored and developed
41
Q

What are the cells that make up phloem?

A

sieve tube elements and companion cells

42
Q

sieve tube elements VS companion cells (structural)

A

sieve tube elements
- elongated
- joined end to end with perforated end plates
- walls made of cellulose
- reduced cytoplasm
- no nucleus & ribosomes

companion cells
- walls made of cellulose
- has all the typical cell organelles

43
Q

What is translocation in phloem tissue?

A

transport of assimilates from source to sink (requires energy)

44
Q

List some common sources where assimilates are made.

A
  • leaves and stem
  • storage organs (tubers and tap roots)
  • food stores in seeds
45
Q

List some common sinks where assimilates are required.

A
  • meristems that are dividing
  • roots that are absorbing
46
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A
  • apical meristem (primary growth: top tip of plant and roots)
  • lateral meristem (secondary growth: widening of plant)
47
Q

What is the mass flow hypothesis?

A

there is a passive movement of sucrose from the source to the sink

48
Q

What two factors cause a buildup of hydrostatic pressure at the source?

A
  • water is incompressible (occupies fixed volume)
  • the walls of the sieve tubes are rigid
49
Q
A

Biology Honors Cambridge (7 decks)

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