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C7- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are alkanes

A

The simplest type of hydrocarbon

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2
Q

Alkanes are a _ series

A

Homologous

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3
Q

What is a homologous series

A

a group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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4
Q

Alkanes are _ compounds

A

Saturated

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5
Q

What is a saturated compound

A

Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds

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6
Q

What are the first four alkanes

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
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7
Q

As the length of the carbon chain _ , the properties of the hydrocarbon _

A

Change

Change

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8
Q

Hydrocarbons with shorter carbon chains are also more …

A

Volatile

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9
Q

The shorter the carbon chain, the more _ the hydrocarbon is

A

Flammable

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10
Q

hydrogen + oxygen →

A

carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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11
Q

Is crude oil a fossil fuel

A

Yes

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12
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

From the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud. Over millions of years, with high temperature and pressure, the remains turn into crude oil, which can be drilled up form the rocks where it’s found

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13
Q

What is fractional distillation used for

A

To separate hydrocarbon fractions

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14
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of

A

Lots of different hydrocarbons,most of which are alkanes

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15
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A
  1. The oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas. The gases enter a fractionating column
  2. In the column there’s a temperature gradient
  3. The longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points. They condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on, when they’re near the bottom. The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They condense and drain out much later on, near to the top of the column where it’s cooler
  4. You end up with the crude oil mixture separated out into different fraction. Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that all contain a similar number of carbon atoms, so have similar boiling points
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16
Q

What are the uses of crude oil

A
  1. Oil provides the fuel for most modern transport
  2. The petrochemical industry
  3. All the products you get font crude oil are examples if organic compounds
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17
Q

Are short or long chain compounds hydrocarbons flammable

A

Short-chain hydrocarbons

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18
Q

How to do cracking (splitting up log-chain hydrocarbons)

A
  1. Thermal decomposition reaction - breaking molecules down by heating them
  2. The first step is to heat long-chain hydrocarbons to vaporise them (turn onto gas)
  3. Then the vapour is passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
  4. The long-chain molecules split apart on the surface of the speks of catalyst - this is catalytic cracking
  5. You can also crack hydrocarbons if you vaporise them, mix them with steam and then heat them to a very high temperature. This is known as steam cracking
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19
Q

What is meant by cracking

A

Splitting up log-chain hydrocarbons

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20
Q

What kind of bond does alkenes have

A

C=C double bond

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21
Q

General formula for alkenes=

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

Alkene + oxygen →

A

Carbon + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon Dioxide + Water (+energy)

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23
Q

What does incomplete combustion result in

A

A smoky yellow flame and less energy

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24
Q

Alkenes react via _ reactions

A

Addition

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25
Q

What is a ‘functional group’

A

a group of atoms in a molecule that determined bow that molecule typically reacts

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26
Q

Do all alkenes react in a similar way and why

A

Yes, they all have ‘C=C’

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27
Q

What is addition of hydrogen known as

A

Hydrogenation

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28
Q

What does steam react with alkenes to form

A

Alcohols

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29
Q

Do halogens react with alkenes

A

Yes

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30
Q

What are polymers made of

A

Lots of the same molecule joined together in one long chain

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31
Q

What are plastics made up of

A

Long-Chain Molecules called polymers

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32
Q

What is the reaction called to produce polymers

A

Polymerisation

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33
Q

What kind of bond do monomers that make up addition polymers have

A

Double covalent bonds

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34
Q

How do you draw the displayed formula of an addition polymer form the displayed formula of its monomer

A
  • start by drawing the two alkene carbons, replace the double bond with single bond and add an extra single bond to each pf the carbons
  • Then fill in the rest of the groups in the same way that they surrounded the double bond in the monomer. Finally , stick a pair of brackets around the repeating bit, and put an ‘n’ after it (to show that there are lots of monomers)
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35
Q

How do you get from the displayed formula of the polymer to the displayed formula of the monomer

A

Do the reverse

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36
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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37
Q

What are properties that the first four alcohols have

A
  • Flammable
  • They undergo complete combustion
  • Soluble in water. Their solution have a neutral pH
  • They react with sodium
  • They can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce a carboxylic
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38
Q

Alcohols are used as - and _

A

Solvents and fuels

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39
Q

Sugar →

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide

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40
Q

What functional group do carboxylic acids have

A

COOH

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41
Q

Do carboxylic acids react like other acids

A

Yes

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42
Q

ethanol acid + sodium carbonate →

A

Sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

43
Q

Can carboxylic acids dissolve in water

44
Q

What happens when carboxylic dissolves in water

A

They ionise and release H+ ions resulting in an acidic solution

45
Q

What functional group is esters in

46
Q

How are esters formed

A

From an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

47
Q

Alcohol + carboxylic acid →

A

Ester + water

48
Q

Polymers can be made by _ polymerisation

A

Condescension

49
Q

How many types of monomers are there with addition polymerisation

A

Only one monomer type containing a C=C bond

50
Q

How many types of monomers are there with condensation polymerisation

A

Two monomer types each contains two of the same functional groups or One monomer type with two different functional groups

51
Q

How many products are there with addition polymerisation

A

Only one product formed

52
Q

How many products are there with condensation polymerisation

A

Two types of product - the polymer and a small molecule

53
Q

What are the functional groups involved in polymerisation with addition polymerisation

A

Carbon-carbon double bond in monomer

54
Q

What are the functional groups involved in polymerisation with condensation polymerisation

A

Two reactive groups on each monomer

55
Q

What are the two functional groups of amino acids

A
  1. A basic amino group (NH2)

2. An acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

56
Q

Proteins are _ of Amino Acids

57
Q

True/ False

Amino acids can’t form polymers known as polypeptides via condensation polymerisation

A

False they can

58
Q

What are DNA molecules made from

A

Nucleotide

59
Q

Simple sugars can form _

60
Q

What is the most basic of organic compounds

A

Alkanes ( not alkalies)

61
Q

Alkanes are all _ hydrocarbons

62
Q

What does saturated mean in the context “saturated compounds”

A

They have no double bonds between carbons

63
Q

True/ False

Alkanes are ONLY hydrogen and oxygen

64
Q

What is the formula of alkanes for the amount of hydrogen to the amount of oxygen in the form Cn + H_

65
Q

What is the chemical formula for methane

66
Q

What is the chemical formula for ethane

67
Q

What is the chemical formula for propane

68
Q

What is the chemical formula for butane

69
Q

What is visocity

A

How runny/ well it flow a substance is

70
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane

Remember it by Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter

71
Q

Alkalane + Oxygen →

A

Carbon dioxide + water

72
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of different _

  • Fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions of similar _ hydrocarbons
  • It works by heating crude oil so the hydrocarbons _
  • As they rise up the column they _ and condense back to a liquid
  • Similar length hydrocarbons have similar _ points so are collected at the same height
A 
Hydrocarbons
Length
Boil
Cool
Boiling
73
Q

What makes better fuels , hydrocarbons with smaller molecules or larger molecules

74
Q

Why are hydrocarbons with smaller molecules more desirable

A
  • Are more volatile - turn into a gas more easily
  • Are less viscous - they flow more easily
  • Are more easily ignited
  • Burn with a cleaner, less sooty flame
75
Q

What does cracking mean ( regarding alkanes)

A

breaking down long alkanes into shorter alkanes (and alkenes)

76
Q

What are the two different types of cracking

A
  • Catalytic cracking - passed over a catalyst of silica or alumina
  • Stean creaking- heated to 600-700°c
77
Q

Alkanes are _ hydrocarbons

A

unsaturated

78
Q

For is the formula for alkenes Cn H_

79
Q

Define Addition reactions

A

Where a small molecule adds across the c=c double bond to produce one product

80
Q

Alkene + hydrogen →

81
Q

How to test for alkenes

A

You can use bromine water. Bromine water is orange. Alkenes decolourise orange bromine water when added to it

82
Q

What is the functional group for methanoic acid

83
Q

Describe what you would obserb if a few drops of methonioc acid were added to Universal indicator solution in a test tube

A

Methanoic acid would dissolveand the universal indicator would change o orange/red

84
Q

Methanoic acid reacts with calcium carbonat. What gas is evolved

A

Carbon dioxide

85
Q

Explain why the carboxylic acid is shown as a week acid

A

It does not ionise completely when dissolved in water

86
Q

Whatis the chemical formula for methonal

87
Q

Whatis the chemical formula for ethonal

88
Q

Whatis the chemical formula for propanal

89
Q

Whatis the chemical formula for butanol

90
Q

What is the functional group for alcohol

91
Q

Ethane + steam →

92
Q

How do you make esters

A
  1. Add five drops of alcohol and 5 drops of carboxylic acid to the test tube
  2. Get your teacher to add concentrated 3 drops of sulphuric acid
  3. Heat for a few minutes in a beaker of hot water from the kettle
  4. Add about 20ml sodium carbonate to a separate small beaker
  5. Pour contents of test tube into a small beaker
93
Q

How many functional groups does each monomer need to have to undergo condensation polymerisation

94
Q

How many functional groups are in amino acids

95
Q

Name one of the functional groups present in glycine

A

Carboxylic acid/ amine

96
Q

What type of reaction results in the formation of polypeptides from amino acids

A

Condensation polymerisation

97
Q

State the name of the small molecule lost during the formation of polypeptides

98
Q

What type of molecule are the monomers in starch

99
Q

Name one naturally occurring polymer that is made up of the same type of monomers as starch

100
Q

What is the role of DNA

A

DNA contains genetic instructions for the operation and functioning of living organisms and viruses.

101
Q

Describe the general structure of DNA

A

Two polymer chains made from four different nucleotide monomers linked together by cross links to give double helix structure

102
Q

DNA is _ polymer chains, made from _ different monomer call nucleotide, in the form of a double helix

103
Q

What is the monomer for starch and cellulose

104
Q

What is the monomer for proteins

A

Amino acids

Chemistry (10 decks)

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