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Chemistry > C7 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Layers of rock build up over dead matter. Pressure and heat are applied.

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2
Q

What are crude oil’s uses?

A

Burned for energy - electricity, transport, heating
Bitumen (roads)

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3
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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5
Q

What is the formula for all Alkanes?

A

C(n) H (2n+2)

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6
Q

What is the chemical symbol for methane?

A

CH(4)

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7
Q

What is the chemical symbol for ethane?

A

C(2)H(6)

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8
Q

What is the chemical symbol for propane?

A

C(3)H(8)

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9
Q

What is the chemical symbol for butane?

A

C(4)H(10)

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10
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

Thickness

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11
Q

What does volatility mean?

A

How easy it evaporates

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12
Q

What are the properties of short chain molecules?

A

Low boiling point
More flammable
Low viscosity
High volatility

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13
Q

What are the properties of long chain molecules?

A

High boiling point
Less flammable - smokey flame
Low viscosity
High volatility

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14
Q

Why do long chain molecules have a higher boiling point and are less flammable than short chain molecules?

A

Bigger molecules - stronger intermolecular forces

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15
Q

What is combustion?

A

An exothermic reaction with oxygen to release light and heat.

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16
Q

3 things that are needed for combustion.

A

Fuel, oxygen and heat.

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17
Q

What does the reaction between a hydrocarbon and oxygen produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

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18
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Because there is insufficient oxygen available.

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19
Q

What forms in incomplete combustion instead of carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon monoxide and carbon particulates.

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20
Q

Explain the fractional distillation of crude oil.

A

Vaporise crude oil, remove residue.
Hydrocarbons rise.
As gas rises, temp. decreases.
At it’s boiling point the hydrocarbons condense and fractions seperated.

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21
Q

What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of methane?

A

methane + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

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22
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long hydrocarbons to smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

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23
Q

Why do we use cracking?

A

Because long chain hydrocarbons are not that useful as they are thick liquids or solids with high boiling points so cannot be used for fuel.

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24
Q

What are two types of cracking?

A

Catalytic and Steam.

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25
Q

List the steps for catalytic cracking.

A
  1. Long HC chains are vaporised
  2. Passed over hot catalyst
  3. Heated to a high temperature
  4. Thermal decomposition breaks down chain
  5. Large chain splits into smaller chains
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26
Q

List the steps for steam cracking.

A
  1. Long HC chains are vaporised
  2. Mix with steam at a high pressure.
  3. Heated to a high temperature
  4. Thermal decomposition breaks down chain
  5. Large chain splits into smaller chains
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27
Q

What is the formula for an alkene?

A

C(n)H(2n)

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28
Q

What is the difference between an alkene and alkane?

A

Alkane is made up of single bonds (saturated)
Alkene has a double bond (unstaurated)

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29
Q

What is the product of catalytic cracking?

A

An alkane and an alkene (splits into two chains)

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30
Q

What is the product of steam cracking?

A

Lots of small molecules (alkane + lots of alkenes)

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31
Q

What happens when an alkene is added to
orange bromine water?

A

Bromine water is decolourised.

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32
Q

What happens when an alkane is added to orange bromine water?

A

No reaction - stays the same colour.

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33
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of organic compounds with the same functional groups and chemical compounds.

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34
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

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35
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon particulates + water

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36
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Where a double bond is broken and two new singles bonds form. To make one product. Only happens in alkenes.

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37
Q

How are alcohols made?

A

Alkene + water (hydrating an alkene with steam)

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38
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)OH

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39
Q

What does H2O split into in addition reactions?

A

OH and H

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40
Q

How does the length of the chain relate to how well it mixes with water?

A

Short chains - mix well
Long chains - don’t mix well

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41
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

By oxidising alcohols with an oxidising agent.

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42
Q

What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A

C(n)H(2n+1)COOH

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43
Q

Are carboxylic acids unsaturated or saturated?

A

Unsaturated.

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44
Q

What does propanoic acid split into when ionised in water?

A

C2H5COO (negative) and H+

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45
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak or strong?

A

Weak meaning they only partially ionise in water.

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46
Q

What are the products for the reaction between butanoic acid and lithium carbonate?

A

Lithium butanoate + carbon dioxide + water

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47
Q

How is an ester formed?

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol -> ester - in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst

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48
Q

Why is water formed as a by product when creating an ester?

A

OH is cut off from the carboxylic acid and H is cut off from the alcohol.

49
Q

What is the word equation for methyl and ethanoic acid?

A

Methyl + ethanoic acid -> methyl ethanoate

50
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation reactions?

A

Addition polymerisation
Condensation polymerisation

51
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecule formed when small molecules (monomer) are joined together.

52
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Forms from a monomer with a double bond.

53
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Forms from monomers with two functional groups (diol and dicarboxylic acid) and produces a second product of H20 or HCl.

54
Q

What is the equation for condensation polymerisation?

A

diol + dicarboxylic acid -> polyester + water (or HCl)

55
Q

What does a diol and dicarboxylic acid form?

A

Diol + dicarboxylic acid -> polyester + water

56
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic material that makes up chromosomes.

57
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons with general formula C(n)H(2n+2).

58
Q

What are the physical properties of alkanes?

A
  1. First few in series are gases, then change to liquids, then change to solids.
  2. Boiling points increase as molecules get bigger.
  3. Viscosity increases as molecules get bigger.
  4. Volatility decreases.
  5. Flammability decreases.
  6. Poor reactivity.
59
Q

What type of reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reaction.

60
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbon (contains a double bond)

61
Q

What is the test for alkenes?

A

Add bromine water.

62
Q

What happens during the combustion of alkenes?

A

Burns with a smoky flame due to incomplete combustion.

63
Q

Why do alkenes burn more often incompletely than alkanes?

A

Alkenes are more reactive because of their double bond, and therefore, needs more oxygen rapidly.

64
Q

What are the characteristics of alcohols?

A

Dissolve in water to form neutral solution.
React with sodium to form hydrogen.
Burn in oxygen.
React with carboxylic acids in presence of acid catalyst to form esters.

65
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A

Fuels
Solvents
Drinks

66
Q

What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids?

A

Dissolve in water to form acidic solution (H+ ions)
React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide.
React with alcohols with acid catalyst to form esters.
React with metals to give off hydrogen gas.

67
Q

What type of acid is carboxylic acid?

A

Weak acid.

68
Q

What is the word equation for the fermentation of glucose?

A

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

69
Q

What are the conditions required for the fermentation of glucose?

A

30 degrees celsius
Anaerobic conditions

70
Q

Why are carboxylic acid weak?

A

They are partially dissociated in water.

71
Q

What is a dicarboxylic acid monomer?

A

Contains two carboxylic acid groups

72
Q

What is a diol monomer?

A

Contains two alcohol groups.

73
Q

What is the ester link?

A

When the carbon from the dicarboxylic acid bonds directly to the oxygen from the diol.

74
Q

What is a difference between condensation polymers and addition polymers?

A

Condensation polymers are biodegradable because bacteria can break down the ester link.
Addition polymers are not as they are plastics.

75
Q

How do amino acids make proteins?

A

By numerous condensation polymerisation reactions. Amino acids (monomers), proteins (polymers)

76
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Made by the condensation polymerisation reaction of amino acids, but are shorter than proteins.

77
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Polymers made of glucose. e.g. starch and cellulose.

78
Q

What is DNA’s structure?

A

Two polymer chains held together in a double helix.
Each polymer chain is made from 4 different monomers - nucleotides.

79
Q

What is an example of a condensation polymer?

A

Polyester.

80
Q

What molecule are addition polymers made from?

A

Alkenes.

81
Q

What does addition polymerisation reactions require?

A

Catalyst
High pressure

82
Q

Properties of esters.

A

Sweet smelling.
Volatile.

83
Q

Esters usage.

A

Perfumes.
Food flavourings.

84
Q

How do you show carboxylic acids to be a weak acid with an equation?

A

Reversible equation symbol. Carboxylic acid -> <- ionised version (e.g. propanoate ion + hydrogen ion)

85
Q

Why is crude oil a finite resource?

A

Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up

86
Q

Name the first 4 alkanes.

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

87
Q

What is fractional distilllation?

A

A process used to separate mixtures of hydrocarbons with different boiling points.

88
Q

Which molecules are collected at the top of the fractional distillation column and why?

A

Small molecules as they have the lowest boiling point.

89
Q

Why is fractional distillation important?

A

Because the different fractions of crude oil have different uses.

90
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A substance that when reacted with oxygen releases energy.

91
Q

Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil.

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases.

92
Q

What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation?

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents.

93
Q

Why are the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens known as “addition” reactions?

A

Because new atoms are being “added” to the molecule by breaking the double bond

94
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen?

A

An alkane.

95
Q

What conditions are necessary in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

60°C, Nickel catalyst

96
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with a halogen?

A

A halogenoalkene.

97
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with steam?

A

An alcohol

98
Q

What conditions are necessary for the reaction of alkenes with H2O?

A

High temperature (to make steam), acid catalyst

99
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

It forms a salt and releases hydrogen gas.

100
Q

What are the products of a combustion reaction involving an alcohol and oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

101
Q

What is ferementation?

A

The process of turning glucose (a natural sugar) into ethanol

102
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal?

A

A salt and hydrogen

103
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal oxide?

A

A salt and water

104
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal hydroxide?

A

A salt and water

105
Q

What forms when a carboxylic acid reacts with a metal carbonate?

A

A salt, water and carbon dioxide

106
Q

What conditions are needed to form an ester?

A

Heat. Sulphuric acid catalyst.

107
Q

What are the products of condensation polymerization?

A

A polymer and a small molecule (usually water)

108
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A biological molecule with two functional groups

109
Q

Which functional groups do amino acids have?

A

NH2 and -COOH

110
Q

What do amino acids form during a condensation reaction?

A

Polypeptides and water

111
Q

What is formed from different amino acids combined in one chain?

A

Proteins

112
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

113
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molecule containing genetic information.

114
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polymer chains made from 4 different nucleotides in the form of a double helix.

115
Q

Name four naturally occurring polymers.

A

DNA, proteins, starch, cellulose.

116
Q

What monomers is DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides

117
Q

What monomers are starch and cellulose made of?

A

Glucose

118
Q

What is a halogenoalkane?

A

An alkane with one or more halogen atoms, where the hydrogen atoms used to be.

119
Q

Why are small molecules (hydrocarbons) useful?

A

Used to make alkenes
Used to make polymers
Fuels

Chemistry (10 decks)

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