C7 - Further Chemistry

Question 1

The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different scales according to what?

Answer 1

Their value

Question 2

The chemical industry _________ chemicals on different scales according to their value.

Answer 2

Synthesizes

Question 3

The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different ______ according to their value.

Answer 3

Scales

Question 4

What type of chemicals are made on a large scale?

Answer 4

Bulk chemicals

Question 5

What are bulk chemicals?

Answer 5

Chemicals made on a large scale

Question 6

Give some examples of bulk chemicals.

Answer 6

• Ammonia
• Sulfuric acid
• Sodium hydroxide
• Phosphoric acid

Question 7

What type of chemicals are made on a small scale?

Answer 7

Fine chemicals

Question 8

What are fine chemicals?

Answer 8

Chemicals made on a small scale

Question 9

Give some examples of fine chemicals.

Answer 9

• Drugs
• Food additives
• Fragrances

Question 10

What are new chemical products and processes the result of?

Answer 10

An extensive programme of research and development

Question 11

Give an example of a new chemical product or process that has been created as a result of an extensive programme of research and development.

Answer 11

Researching catalysts for new processes

Question 12

What things do governments have a duty to protect? (2 things)

Answer 12

• People

- The environment

Question 13

What do the government impose in order to control the following?

• Chemical processes
• Storage of chemicals
• Transportation of chemicals

Answer 13

Strict regulations

Question 14

Why do the government impose strict regulations?

Answer 14

In order to control:

• Chemical processes
• Storage of chemicals
• Transportation of chemicals

Question 15

In the UK, what organisation is responsible for regulating risks to health and safety?

Answer 15

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

Question 16

What does HSE stand for?

Answer 16

Health and Safety Executive

Question 17

What do the HSE regulate?

Answer 17

Risks to health and safety in the UK

Question 18

What does the Health and Safety Executive control?

Answer 18

Risks to health and safety in the UK

Question 19

Give 2 examples of how the HSE regulate risks to health and safety in the UK.

Answer 19

• All hazardous chemicals need to be labelled with standard hazard symbols
• Legislation has been passed to encourage companies to reduce the amount of pollution they produce

Question 20

What things are chemists required to do? (5 things)

Answer 20

• Follow the standard procedures
• Carry out a titration
• Scale up production
• Interpret results
• Carry out quality assurance

Question 21

The production of useful chemicals involves several stages, including what? (5 things)

Answer 21

• Preparation of feedstocks (starting materials)
• Synthesis
• Separation of products
• Handling of by-products and waste
• Monitoring purity

Question 22

What is green chemistry based on?

Answer 22

A number of principles that can lead to more sustainable processes.

Question 23

What things does the sustainability of a chemical process depend on? (7 things)

Answer 23

• The atom economy
• The use of renewable feedstocks
• Energy inputs and outputs
• Health and safety risks
• Waste prevention
• The environmental impact
• The social and economic benefits

Question 24

What is atom economy a measure of?

Answer 24

The reactants that end up as useful products

Question 25

Give the formula used to measure atom economy.

Answer 25

atom economy = mass of atoms in the useful product / total mass of atoms in the reactants x 100

Question 26

The final product of green chemistry/atom economy (not sure which) should aim for what? (2 things)

Answer 26

- Contain all the atoms used in the process | - Reduce waste products and increase yield

Question 27

Give the formula by which the percentage yield of an experiment can be calculated.

Answer 27

percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

Question 28

_____________ raw materials should be used whenever possible.

Answer 28

Renewable

Question 29

Several companies are developing new materials from plants, but...

Answer 29

...plants take up alot of land

Question 30

What can be used to increase productivity in plants?

Answer 30

Fertilisers

Question 31

What can fertilisers be used to do?

Answer 31

Increase productivity in plants

Question 32

What is the issue with using fertilisers to increase productivity in plants?

Answer 32

Fertilisers can be used to increase productivity but they use up alot of energy during manufacture.

Question 33

The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised in order for what to happen?

Answer 33

For environmental and economic impact to reduce

Question 34

The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised to reduce the environmental and economic impact. The processes should be carried out at ambient __________ and __________.

Answer 34

Temperature; pressure

Question 35

Substances used in a chemical process should be chosen to do what?

Answer 35

Minimise the risk of chemical accidents

Question 36

What needs to be done to detect harmful products before they're made?

Answer 36

A reliable, developed method to be chosen

Question 37

How can the environmental impact be reduced?

Answer 37

By using alternatives to hazardous chemicals