C7 - Further Chemistry Flashcards
The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different scales according to what?
Their value
The chemical industry _________ chemicals on different scales according to their value.
Synthesizes
The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different ______ according to their value.
Scales
What type of chemicals are made on a large scale?
Bulk chemicals
What are bulk chemicals?
Chemicals made on a large scale
Give some examples of bulk chemicals.
- Ammonia
- Sulfuric acid
- Sodium hydroxide
- Phosphoric acid
What type of chemicals are made on a small scale?
Fine chemicals
What are fine chemicals?
Chemicals made on a small scale
Give some examples of fine chemicals.
- Drugs
- Food additives
- Fragrances
What are new chemical products and processes the result of?
An extensive programme of research and development
Give an example of a new chemical product or process that has been created as a result of an extensive programme of research and development.
Researching catalysts for new processes
What things do governments have a duty to protect? (2 things)
- People
- The environment
What do the government impose in order to control the following?
- Chemical processes
- Storage of chemicals
- Transportation of chemicals
Strict regulations
Why do the government impose strict regulations?
In order to control:
- Chemical processes
- Storage of chemicals
- Transportation of chemicals
In the UK, what organisation is responsible for regulating risks to health and safety?
Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
What does HSE stand for?
Health and Safety Executive
What do the HSE regulate?
Risks to health and safety in the UK
What does the Health and Safety Executive control?
Risks to health and safety in the UK
Give 2 examples of how the HSE regulate risks to health and safety in the UK.
- All hazardous chemicals need to be labelled with standard hazard symbols
- Legislation has been passed to encourage companies to reduce the amount of pollution they produce
What things are chemists required to do? (5 things)
- Follow the standard procedures
- Carry out a titration
- Scale up production
- Interpret results
- Carry out quality assurance
The production of useful chemicals involves several stages, including what? (5 things)
- Preparation of feedstocks (starting materials)
- Synthesis
- Separation of products
- Handling of by-products and waste
- Monitoring purity
What is green chemistry based on?
A number of principles that can lead to more sustainable processes.
What things does the sustainability of a chemical process depend on? (7 things)
- The atom economy
- The use of renewable feedstocks
- Energy inputs and outputs
- Health and safety risks
- Waste prevention
- The environmental impact
- The social and economic benefits
What is atom economy a measure of?
The reactants that end up as useful products
Give the formula used to measure atom economy.
atom economy = mass of atoms in the useful product / total mass of atoms in the reactants x 100
The final product of green chemistry/atom economy (not sure which) should aim for what? (2 things)
- Contain all the atoms used in the process
- Reduce waste products and increase yield
Give the formula by which the percentage yield of an experiment can be calculated.
percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100
_____________ raw materials should be used whenever possible.
Renewable
Several companies are developing new materials from plants, but…
…plants take up alot of land
What can be used to increase productivity in plants?
Fertilisers
What can fertilisers be used to do?
Increase productivity in plants
What is the issue with using fertilisers to increase productivity in plants?
Fertilisers can be used to increase productivity but they use up alot of energy during manufacture.
The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised in order for what to happen?
For environmental and economic impact to reduce
The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised to reduce the environmental and economic impact. The processes should be carried out at ambient __________ and __________.
Temperature; pressure
Substances used in a chemical process should be chosen to do what?
Minimise the risk of chemical accidents
What needs to be done to detect harmful products before they’re made?
A reliable, developed method to be chosen
How can the environmental impact be reduced?
By using alternatives to hazardous chemicals
