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Z: GCSE Chemistry > C7 - Further Chemistry > Flashcards

C7 - Further Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different scales according to what?

A

Their value

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2
Q

The chemical industry _________ chemicals on different scales according to their value.

A

Synthesizes

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3
Q

The chemical industry synthesises chemicals on different ______ according to their value.

A

Scales

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4
Q

What type of chemicals are made on a large scale?

A

Bulk chemicals

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5
Q

What are bulk chemicals?

A

Chemicals made on a large scale

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6
Q

Give some examples of bulk chemicals.

A
  • Ammonia
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Phosphoric acid
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7
Q

What type of chemicals are made on a small scale?

A

Fine chemicals

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8
Q

What are fine chemicals?

A

Chemicals made on a small scale

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9
Q

Give some examples of fine chemicals.

A
  • Drugs
  • Food additives
  • Fragrances
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10
Q

What are new chemical products and processes the result of?

A

An extensive programme of research and development

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11
Q

Give an example of a new chemical product or process that has been created as a result of an extensive programme of research and development.

A

Researching catalysts for new processes

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12
Q

What things do governments have a duty to protect? (2 things)

A
  • People

- The environment

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13
Q

What do the government impose in order to control the following?

  • Chemical processes
  • Storage of chemicals
  • Transportation of chemicals
A

Strict regulations

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14
Q

Why do the government impose strict regulations?

A

In order to control:

  • Chemical processes
  • Storage of chemicals
  • Transportation of chemicals
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15
Q

In the UK, what organisation is responsible for regulating risks to health and safety?

A

Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

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16
Q

What does HSE stand for?

A

Health and Safety Executive

17
Q

What do the HSE regulate?

A

Risks to health and safety in the UK

18
Q

What does the Health and Safety Executive control?

A

Risks to health and safety in the UK

19
Q

Give 2 examples of how the HSE regulate risks to health and safety in the UK.

A
  • All hazardous chemicals need to be labelled with standard hazard symbols
  • Legislation has been passed to encourage companies to reduce the amount of pollution they produce
20
Q

What things are chemists required to do? (5 things)

A
  • Follow the standard procedures
  • Carry out a titration
  • Scale up production
  • Interpret results
  • Carry out quality assurance
21
Q

The production of useful chemicals involves several stages, including what? (5 things)

A
  • Preparation of feedstocks (starting materials)
  • Synthesis
  • Separation of products
  • Handling of by-products and waste
  • Monitoring purity
22
Q

What is green chemistry based on?

A

A number of principles that can lead to more sustainable processes.

23
Q

What things does the sustainability of a chemical process depend on? (7 things)

A
  • The atom economy
  • The use of renewable feedstocks
  • Energy inputs and outputs
  • Health and safety risks
  • Waste prevention
  • The environmental impact
  • The social and economic benefits
24
Q

What is atom economy a measure of?

A

The reactants that end up as useful products

25
Q

Give the formula used to measure atom economy.

A

atom economy = mass of atoms in the useful product / total mass of atoms in the reactants x 100

26
Q

The final product of green chemistry/atom economy (not sure which) should aim for what? (2 things)

A
  • Contain all the atoms used in the process

- Reduce waste products and increase yield

27
Q

Give the formula by which the percentage yield of an experiment can be calculated.

A

percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100

28
Q

_____________ raw materials should be used whenever possible.

A

Renewable

29
Q

Several companies are developing new materials from plants, but…

A

…plants take up alot of land

30
Q

What can be used to increase productivity in plants?

A

Fertilisers

31
Q

What can fertilisers be used to do?

A

Increase productivity in plants

32
Q

What is the issue with using fertilisers to increase productivity in plants?

A

Fertilisers can be used to increase productivity but they use up alot of energy during manufacture.

33
Q

The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised in order for what to happen?

A

For environmental and economic impact to reduce

34
Q

The energy needed to carry out a reaction should be minimised to reduce the environmental and economic impact. The processes should be carried out at ambient __________ and __________.

A

Temperature; pressure

35
Q

Substances used in a chemical process should be chosen to do what?

A

Minimise the risk of chemical accidents

36
Q

What needs to be done to detect harmful products before they’re made?

A

A reliable, developed method to be chosen

37
Q

How can the environmental impact be reduced?

A

By using alternatives to hazardous chemicals

Z: GCSE Chemistry (8 decks)

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