C7 Flashcards
What are core electrons?
Non-valance electrons
What is the Electrostatic force?
The electrostatic force is the force that is repulsive between like charges and attracts opposite forces
Magnitude of the Electrostatic force is based on:
- Distance (separation of charges)
- The Effective nuclear charge of the ion
How is the Effective nuclear charge calculated
Zeff = p - s where p = number of protons and s = number of shielding electrons
Define Inert:
Atoms that do not react with other atoms
What causes Ions to be Inert?
Due to an effective nuclear charge of 8 and a complete outer shell, Atoms do not have a tendency to bond.
The Ionic lattice is made of:
a lattice structure of alternating positive and negative ions
Ionic lattices are held together by:
The strong electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged Ions
Properties of Ionic compounds are:
- Hard
- High melting point
- High boiling point
- conductive when in a liquid or aqueous state
Ionic compounds are hard due to:
the strong electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions
Ionic compounds are conductive when liquid due to:
The possibility for the movement of ions (charge)
Ionic compounds have a high boiling point/melting point due to:
The strong electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions requires a large amount of energy to separate.
Ionic compounds are brittle due to:
The lattice configuration of ionic compounds causes one shift in a layer of the compound to place like charges next to each other
Define Conductivity:
The flow of charged particles (electrons, positively/negatively charged ions)
Covalent bonding can create:
A lattice structure or molecules
When in a solid state, there are strong intramolecular bonds between covalent molecules but:
Weak intermolecular bonds
When in a solid state, there are weak intermolecular bonds between covalent molecules but:
strong intramolecular bonds
Covalent bonds do not break when covalent molecules change state. What bonds break?
The intermolecular bonds
What are covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds are the mutual attraction that the nuclei have on the shared electrons
Name H2O as a covalent molecule
Name N2H2 as a covalent molecule
Which three elements are part of combustion reactions?
Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen
When balancing combustion reaction equations, it is important to always:
Balance in order of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
When plentiful oxygen is available, what is produced in a combustion reaction?
Water (H2O) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
When plentiful oxygen is not available, what is produced in a combustion reaction?
Water (H2O), Carbon (C), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
C3H8(g)+ 5O2(g) → 4H2O(g) +3CO2 (g)
Is an example of what kind of reaction?
Combustion reaction with plentiful oxygen supply
The reactions below are both examples of — reactions
2C3H8(g)+ 7O2(g) → 8H2O(g) +2C(s)+ 2CO(g)+ 2CO2 (g)
8C3H8(g)+ 19O2(g) → 32H2O(g) +20C(s)+ 2CO(g)+ 2CO2 (g)
Combustion reactions with restricted oxygen supply
as they have Carbon and Carbon monoxide as products
What is the test for hydrogen gas?
The Pop test
How is the Pop test conducted?
A flame is introduced to the sample of hydrogen gas in an upside-down test tube and the pop can be heard
What is the test for oxygen gas?
The glowing splint test
How is the glowing splint test conducted?
A splint is lit on fire before it is put out, leaving it hot but not burning. The splint is then inserted into the oxygen gas. If the gas is oxygen then the splint will catch fire again.
What is the test for Carbon dioxide?
the Lime Water Test
How is the lime water test conducted
Carbon dioxide is bubbled through lime water (Ca(OH)2 solution). This is clear and colourless. The carbon dioxide reacts with the lime water to create Calcium carbonate and water, leaving the solution white and opaque.
How do you test for group 1 metals?
A solution containing the metal is sprayed through a flame. If the flame changes colour, there is a group one metal present. the colour depends on the metal
What is an Allotrope?
An allotrope is the same element but with a different physical structure
Name two allotropes of carbon. Describe their structure.
Diamond: 3D lattice structure. No free electrons. high melting and boiling points, strong and hard to break
Graphite: Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. The fourth bonding electron becomes delocalised. 2D layers stacked on top of each other. brittle as layers are weakly bonded.
Alkanes have how many bonds?
1
Alkenes have how many bonds?
2
Alkynes have how many bonds?
3
What are the 5 steps in naming a hydrocarbon?
- Identify If it is an alkane, alkene or alkyne
- Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
- Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
- Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group.
- Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name
