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Chemistry C6 > C6.2 > Flashcards

C6.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three main stages of the life of a product?

A

-cradle
-use
-grave

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2
Q

describe the cradle stage

A

-raw materials used and how they are produced
-useful materials and how they are used to manufacture the product
-energy and water used during processing and manufacturing

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3
Q

describe the use stage

A

-energy requirements for using product
-energy required to maintain product
-water and substances required to maintain product

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4
Q

describe the grave stage

A

-space needed to dispose of product
-energy required to dispose of product
-impact on environment

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5
Q

factors that effect how easily materials can be recycled

A

-how easily the waste can be collected, sorted and stored
-the amount and type of any by products released by recycling
-the cost of recycling compared to disposal in landfill or by incineration
-the amount of energy involved at each stage

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6
Q

how are materials recycled?

A

-metals are melted by heating and poured into moulds to produce new blocks called ingots
-paper is mixed with water, cleaned, then rolled and heated to make new paper
-glass is melted by heating, and moulded into new glass objects
-polymers like poly(ethene), PET and poly(propene) are sorted and melted to form new objects

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7
Q

what is a life cycle assessment or ‘cradle to grave analysis’?

A

a part of legislation put into place to protect the environment

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8
Q

what is the point of a life cycle assessment?

A

to make companies consider their use of natural resources and minimise the environmental impact their product has

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9
Q

why is recycling important?

A

-conserving limited raw materials and energy
-reducing the release of harmful substances into the envronment

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10
Q

air pollutants

A

substances released into the atmosphere that may harm living things

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11
Q

how are many atmospheric pollutants released?

A

as a result of burning fossil fuels

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12
Q

incomplete combustion

A

limited O2 supply

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13
Q

how is water purified?

A

-filtration
-sedimentation
-chlorination

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14
Q

describe filtration

A

a wire mesh screens out large twigs etc. and then (after sedimentation takes place) a sand and gravel bed filters out any other solid bits

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15
Q

describe sedimentation

A

sedimentation (with coagulation)- iron sulfate or aluminium sulfate is added to the water, which makes fine particles clump together and settle at the bottom

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16
Q

describe chlorination

A

chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes

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17
Q

how is salt water treated?

A

-dissolved salts removed via a process called desalination
-for large scale desalination, simple distillation is used, which uses a lot of energy and can therefore be expensive

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18
Q

what is the gas test for carbon dioxide?

A

bubbled through limewater turning it cloudy

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19
Q

what is the gas test for hydrogen?

A

lighted splint burns rapidly with a pop sound

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20
Q

what is the gas test for oxygen?

A

glowing splint relights

21
Q

what is the gas test for chlorine?

A

litmus paper is bleached and turns white

22
Q

what are the main gases in the earths present atmosphere been made up of?

A

made up of gases similar to those released by a volcano: primarily water vapour and carbon dioxide

23
Q

describe the evolution of the earths atmosphere

A
  1. the early earth was a hot, violent place with many active volcanoes
  2. the early atmosphere was made up of gases released by volcanoes- mainly carbon dioxide and water vapour
  3. the temperature on earth eventually cooled, causing water vapour to condense and form oceans
  4. some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere began to dissolve in the oceans and later became incorporated into sedimentary rocks
  5. life on earth began to evolve and microscopic organisms and early plant life made their food by photosynthesis, using carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen
  6. the natural atmosphere is now made up of mostly: nitrogen and oxygen
24
Q

what are the different air pollutants?

A

-carbon monoxide
-carbon particulates (soot)
-nitrogen monoxide
-nitrogen dioxide
-sulfur dioxide

25
Q

how is carbon monoxide produced?

A

formed from the incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels

26
Q

how are carbon particulates produced?

A

formed from the incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels

27
Q

how is nitrogen monoxide produced?

A

at high temperatures the N2 and O2 in the air react

28
Q

how is nitrogen dioxide produced?

A

2NO + O2 –> 2NO2

29
Q

how is sulfur dioxide produced?

A

formed when sulfur impurities in fuel burns- volcanoes

30
Q

how is carbon monoxide harmful?

A

-toxic gas
-prevents oxygen from binding to haemoglobin

31
Q

how are carbon particulates harmful?

A

-causes respiratory problems
-makes surfaces black and dirty

32
Q

what happens to nitrogen monoxde?

A

quickly oxidises to form NO2

33
Q

how is nitrogen dioxide harmful?

A

-causes respiratory problems
-causes acid rain which corrodes buildings, kills plant life and aquatic life

34
Q

how is sulfur dioxide harmful?

A

-causes respiratory problems
-causes acid rain

35
Q

what is the greenhouse effect?

A

a natural phenomenon that keeps the earth and its atmosphere warm enough for living things to exist

36
Q

what are the different parts of the greenhouse effect?

A
  1. infrared radiation from the sun hits the earths surface
  2. infrared warms the surface
  3. infrared is emitted by the surface- some goes into space; some is trapped/absorbed by greenhouse gases
  4. greenhouse gases emit infrared in all directions warming the atmosphere
37
Q

give an example of a causal correlation

A

there is a causal correlation between CO2 levels and global temperature, as if there are more CO2 molecules in the atmosphere, more infrared heat will be trapped

38
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

-the release of additional greenhouse gases by human activities
-this has the potential to cause the average temperature on earth to rise
-this global warming leads t melting ice caps and rising sea levels, and to climate change
-climate change brings altered weather patterns

39
Q

how can greenhouse emissions be reduced?

A

-reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, e.g. by using biofuels
-using renewable energy resources e.g. wind to generate electricity
-stopping carbon dioxide escaping when fuels are burnt by using carbon capture

40
Q

desalination

A

removes salt from brine leaving water behind

41
Q

filtering

A

insoluble particles are removed from water

42
Q

distillation

A

mixture containing water is heated until the water turns into steam, then the steam is condensed and pure water is collected

43
Q

sterilising

A

adding chemicals to water to pathogens

44
Q

chlorine

A

a chemical that is added to water to kill harmful bacteria

45
Q

reservoir

A

a place where large amounts of water is stored

46
Q

potable

A

water that is safe to drink

47
Q

aquifer

A

a rock that contains water

48
Q

fresh water

A

water that contains low levels of dissolved salts

49
Q

describe the process of water purification

A
  1. the water is stored in a reservoir
  2. filtration: filters out large solids
    3.water passes through a wire mesh
  3. water passes through a settlement tank
  4. sedimentation/coagulation: coagulants are added to clump finer solids together which settle to the bottoms
  5. filtration: filters out any remaining solids
  6. chlorination: chlorine added to kill any pathogens
  7. final checks e.g. pH

Chemistry C6 (2 decks)

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