C61 Immunology and Immunotherapy in GU Cancers

Question 1

1. The immune system has two basic arms, designated “innate” and adaptive. Regarding these divisions, which of the following is true?
   a. The adaptive immunity is more primitive
   b. The innate immune system includes long-lived “memory” cells that make secondary responses to pathogens more rapid and stronger

c. The adaptive immune system is the only part of the immune system involved in the immune response to cancer.
d. The innate immune response is driven by recognition of repeated patterns in pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Answer 1

d. The innate immune response is driven by recognition of repeated patterns in pathogens called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The innate system is more primitive and does not contain cell types that can give rise to memory cells. In most immune responses, the innate and adaptive systems work together.

Question 2

2. Immunotherapy for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer is based on intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Initial contact between BCG and the immune system involves which cell type?
   a. Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
   b. CD4+ (helper) T cells
   c. Macrophages (“Big eaters”)
   d. CD8+ (killer) T cells
   e. CD8+ regulatory T cells (Tregs)

Answer 2

c. Macrophages (“Big eaters”). Although BCG does bind directly to bladder epithelium, the first immune cell involved in BCG responses is the macrophage (“big eater”).

Question 3

3. Macrophages and neutrophils have the following feature(s) in common:
   a. they can both ingest pathogens.
   b. they can both present peptide antigens from pathogens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules.
   c. they can both kill pathogens via oxidative processes.
   d. they can both migrate along chemokine gradients to sites of infection
   e. c and d.

Answer 3

E