C.6 Electrochemistry, Rechargeable Batteries and Fuel Cells (HL) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a battery?

A

A battery is a portable electrochemical source made up of one or more voltaic (galvanic) cells connected in series.

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2
Q

How is charge carried in voltaic cells?

A

In voltaic cells charge is carried by free moving ions which take a finites time to diffuse through the cell to the electrodes this causes internal resistance which limits the maximum current.

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3
Q

What does the maximum voltage a cell can generate depend on?

A

The maximum voltage tha a cell can generate depends on the nature of the material from which it is constructed.

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4
Q

What does the total amount of work that can be obtained by the cell depend on?

A

The quantity of the material from which it is constructed.

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5
Q

What is a primary cell?

A

A cell in which the redox reaction is non reversible, they cannot be recharged.

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6
Q

What is a rechargeable cell?

A

A cell in which the redox reaction can be reversed using an input of electricity allowing the cell to be used multiple times.

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7
Q

What is a fuel cell?

A

A cel that has a continuous supply of reactants from an external source. Chemical energy contained in fuel eg hydrogen is converted directly to electricity using an oxidising agent eg oxygen.

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8
Q

What is a typical fuel cell?

A

Typical fuels used in fuel cells are hydrogen and methanol, with oxygen gas as the oxidising agent. The electrolyte between the two electrodes may be alkane eg KOH or acidic eg H3PO4 invoking the moment of hydroxide moons or protons respectively. Current is generated by the flow of the electrons from the anode (negative) through an external circuit to the cathode (+)

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9
Q

How does a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell work?

A

Hydrogen gas passes through a porous carbon anode containing platinum where it is oxidised to H+ ions. The electrons produced flow through the external circuit and the protons pass though a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to the cathode (also contains platinum) combining with oxygen and electrons to form water.

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10
Q

How does microbial fuel cells (MFCs) work?

A

The MFC is essentially a PEM fuel cell where bacteria such as Geobacter species are attached to the anode. Carbohydrates and other substrates present in the waste water are oxidised by the bacteria at the anode to carbon dioxide, protons and electrons (which flow through the external circuit to the cathode)

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11
Q

What is the formula for the thermodynamic efficiency of a cell?

A

Thermodynamic efficiency = Delta G/Delta H

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12
Q

What are the similarities between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries?

A

Both convert chemical energy to electrical energy
Both compose and anode, cathode and an electrolyte
Both use separated reduction and oxidation reactions to drive the flow of electrons through an external circuit

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13
Q

What are the difference between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries?

A

Fuel cells have an external source of fuel, rechargeable batteries contain the energy source
Fuels cells will not run out if the supply of fuel and oxidant is maintained. Rechargeable batteries have to be recharged by connecting to a supply of electricity
Fuels cells can generate more electricity

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14
Q

What is the size and voltage of fuel cells?

A

Size depends on use, single cells are light but stacks can be heavy and bulky, high power to mass ratio
0/6-0/8V per cell - used in a stack with several joined in series

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15
Q

What is the size and voltage of lead acid batteries?

A

Large and heavy, not portable, low power to mass ratio

2V per cell usually used as a battery with 6 cells in series

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16
Q

What is the size and voltage of nickel cadmium batteries?

A

Small and light used in portable devices. Intermediate power to mass ratio
1.2V per cell

17
Q

What is the size and voltage of lithium ion batteries?

A

Small and light used in a variety or portable devices. Highest power to mass ratio of rechargeable batteries.
About 3.7V per cell

18
Q

When is the Nernst equation used?

A

The Nernst equation is used to determine the electrode potential of a half cell when the conditions are non standard.

19
Q

What is the Nernst equation?

A

E = E* - (RT/nF)lnQ

E is the electrode potential 
E* is the standard electrode potential of the cell
R is the gas constant
T is the temperature in K
n is the number of electrons transferred
F is the Faraday constant 
Q is the reaction quotient
20
Q

What is a concentration cell?

A

It is possible to create a voltaic cell using two half cells contacting the same materials as long as the concentration of the electrolyte is different in each.