c6 Flashcards
Why do metals, soluble salts, and water conduct easily?
Metals conduct easily because of the highly mobile “sea” of electrons.
Soluble salts condct easily because of the mobile ions
Water conduct quite well because some of the h2o molecules dissociate to form OH- and H3O+ ions
Why are some substances a good insulator? Give an example.
Glass is an insulator because any free electrons or ions cannot flow within the glass.
more e.gs: plastic
What do we refer as conductors?
We generally refer to substances as conductors or insulators at low voltages. (anything can conduct at high voltages or the distance is small enough)
What are sparks and lighting?
light given off when air is made to conduct.
cell
a device that contains two substances with different electron affinities
separation of charges=?
potential electrical energy
charges flow, energy follows when positive is connected to the negative side
battery
stack of cells
current electricity
the study of moving electrical charges, and the transfer and transformation of energy
early type cell
zinc carbon
two main characteristics of batteries
- voltage= correct term is actually electro-motive force(emf), which is a measure of the amount of push force on the electrons, originally called electrical pressure.
- amp hours= difference between d cells and c cells on a AA
forces on the electrons at each stage that prevents them from flowing
At the positive terminal= electrons in wire are attracted to the positive terminal, but they are also attracted to the cations in the wire, so can’t move
At the negative terminal= stored electrons in the battery will push against the electrons already in the wire (but nowhere for them to go)
forces on the electrons at each stage that allows them to flow
At the positive terminal= electrons in the wire are attracted to the positive terminal
At the negative terminal= the stored electrons in the battery will push against the electrons already in the wire
There is a complete circuit so the electrons can now flow
conventional current
we pretend that imaginary positive charges flow in the opposite direction (the non pretended one is the electron flow
current
rate of flow of positive charges
has symbol “i”
measured in amps, symbol “a”
fundamental SI quantity
measured by a device called the ammeter
indicate by an arrow in wire
charge
- property of a body
- symbol q or Q
Amp
1 coulomb of charge flow past per second
An airplane travelling horizontally with a velocity of 125 ms^-1 is at an altitude of 1.35 km
when it drops a 25.7 kg package to the ground below. (assume that there is no air resistance)
(c) Calculate the kinetic energy of the package as it hits the ground. (1 mark)
Ek= 340357 + 200781= 541139
= 5.41 *10^5 J
Discuss the energy changes in each of the following situations:
(a) A petrol engine car is accelerating up a hill.
(2 marks)
Potential chemical energy converted to
1. Ek (car accelerating)
2. E GPE (car increasing height)
3. Heat (friction and air resistance)
Discuss the energy changes in each of the following situations:
A skydiver falling at terminal velocity (2 marks)
v constant-> no increase in Ek
E GPE converted to heat (air resistance)
Question 3
When a school bag of mass m is lifted straight upwards from the floor onto a table (h metres from the floor) in t seconds a certain amount of work is done on the bag. There is also a certain average power input to the bag.
For each of the following variations to this, state how
the new values of work and power will compare with the original ones.
Use the terms less, the same, or greater in the spaces provided in the table below to answer the question.
(3 marks)
Variation Work done Power input to bag
on the bag
It takes twice as long to lift
the bag. (h and m are the
same)
The height of the table is
greater (t and m are the
same)
Lift the bag 0.5m above the
table then put it down on the
table. (t, h and m are the
same)
Work done on the bag:
w= mgh same
greater
same
Power input to bag:
p= w/2t less
greater
same
A desk of mass 40.0 kg has to be shifted a distance of 3.10 m across a section of carpet.
(b) If you could lift the desk to move it rather than just dragging it, would you end up doing
more work than *A? Explain, using a calculation to assist. You may have to make
some assumptions. (2 marks)
*A= work done to overcome friction while dragging it: 173.6 J
Assume that you lift the desk 5 cm
Ep= mgh= 40.0 * 9.81 * 0.05= 19.6 J
therefore less energy needed to lift & move
Question 9A 2023 mut
When sections of the London Underground railway were being constructed, the track at the stations was built at a higher level than the track between the stations, as shown in the diagram below.
(a) Explain, using energy concepts, the advantages of this arrangement in terms of fuel saving and wear on brakes. (2 marks)
- The train will slow up the incline meaning that the brakes will be used less. Less Ek to heat.
- The train will accelerate down the decline (converting Ep to Ek) without using fuel.
Question 9b 2023 mut
(b) To help analyse the motion of the train, for different numbers of passengers, engineers
model the train as a ball rolling up an incline.
Assume that the ball always travels at 13 ms-1
in the section AB, the track is frictionless, and
there is no air-resistance. How would the ball’s velocity at C differ if the ball’s mass was
larger. (ie there were more people on the train and so the trains mass increased). Explain.
(2 marks)
From B to C Ek converting to Ep
Ep= mgh Ek= 1/2 mv^2
therefore gh=1/2v^2 (m cancelled out)
therefore v=sqrt2gh (independent of mass)
the velocity will be the same for any mass
In a hydroelectric power plant, water falls at a rate of 1300 kg/s from a height of 125 m.
Assuming that 60% of the energy of falling water is converted into electrical energy,
calculate the power output of the plant.
(3 marks)
Every second Δ Ep= mgh= 1300 * 9.81 * 125
= 1.59 mJ
W= 0.60 * Δ E= 9.56 10^5 J
P= w/t= 9.5610^5/1= 9.6*10^5