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(B - GCSE) Chemistry > C5 + C6.1 (Acidents Happen :( ) > Flashcards

C5 + C6.1 (Acidents Happen :( ) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the yield

A

The mass of a product made in a chemical reaction

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2
Q

What is theoretical yield

A

The maximum mass it is possible to make from the given reactants

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3
Q

How do you calculate theoretical yield

A

Find the moles in your equation and multiply the moles of your product by its mr

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4
Q

What is actual yield

A

The mass of a product that you actually make in a chemical reaction (usually less than theoretical yield)

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5
Q

How do you calculate percentage yield

A

(Actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) ×100

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6
Q

What range can percentage yield be between

A

0% and 100%

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7
Q

What affects percentage yield

A

If the reactants react in different than expected ways

The reaction may not go to completion - some of the reactants do not react
(Common in reversible reactions)

Some products may be lost when separated from the mixture to be purified

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8
Q

What is atom economy

A

A measure of how many atoms in the reactants form a desired product

If there is one product the atom economy would be 100%

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9
Q

How do you calculate atom economy

A

(total mass of desired product ÷ mass of reactants) ×100

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10
Q

What is a reaction pathway

A

Multiple reactions you can choose to create a desired product - with some being more efficient

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11
Q

What factors effects which reaction pathway you use

A

Yield of product
Atom economy of the reaction
Usefulness or otherwise, of by-products
Rate of reaction
Equilibrium position, if a reversible reaction
Cost
Environmental factors

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12
Q

What are by-products

A

Additional products made during your reaction - not the one you intended to make

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13
Q

How do you convert cm^3 to dm^3

A

Divide the cm value by 1000

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14
Q

What two ways can you calculate the concentration of a soluton. - g/dm^3 and mol/dm^3

A

Concentration = mass ÷ volume

Concentration = moles ÷ volume

C =n/v

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15
Q

What is a titration

A

A method in which a neutralisation reaction is used to determine the concentration of an acid or alkali

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16
Q

What are concordant results

A

Results within 0.1 of each other

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17
Q

What is a meniscus

A

The curve in the surface of a liquid

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18
Q

How do you set up a titration experiment

A

Use a volumetric pipette to measure out 25cm^3 of your alkali solution and put it into a conical flask

Attach you burette vertically to ensure accurate readings (preventing parallax error)

When you have filled the burette - by pouring the acid through a filter cone (25cm^3 of acid) - add indicator (2-3 drops) to your alkali

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19
Q

What safety equipment is needed for titrations

A

Safety gogles

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20
Q

How do you do a titration (once set up)

A

First take an initial burette reading, from the bottom of the meniscus and release the tap, whilst swirling the flask, until you see the indicator change colour.

Record the final reading and use them to find the total acid used.
This is your rough titration

Re-fill the burette and repeat for a more accurate titration. This time release the acid to a few cm^3 before the final value of your rough titration and slowly release the drops. Repeat this step and use your concordant results to calculate the mean titre used

You must have at least two concordant titres

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21
Q

How can you use results from your titration

A

You can use them to calculate the concentration, often in mol/dm^3

This is because you know the concentration of one liquid and the liquids used. By using the volume and the mol of your substance you can calculate the concentration

  • find the mol of your known concentration
  • use a balance equation to find the mol of your second liquid
    Use c=m/v to find the concentration
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22
Q

What is molar volume

A

The volume occupied by one mole of a gas

24dm^3

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23
Q

How can you use molar volume to calculate gasses volume

A

Volume (dm^3) = mol × molar volume

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24
Q

What two things can you calculate with molar volume (gases)

A

The volume of a gaseous reactant or product (if you know the amount)
The amount of a gaseous reactant or product if you know the volume

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25
Q

What is the rate of reaction

A

A measure of how quickly reactants are used or products are formed

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26
Q

How is gas measured

A

Using a gas syringe

As the syringe fills, the plunger moves outwards and you can record the gas it contains (cm^3).

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27
Q

How does temperature affect rate of reaction.

A

↑temp = ↑average ke of particles

This means there are more frequent successful colisions

Increase of 10°C
Ror doubles

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28
Q

What is needed for a reaction to happen

A

If reactant particles collide

The colliding particles have enough energy to react

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29
Q

How can you use reaction time

A

Reaction time is inversely proportional to rate of reaction

Therefore by using 1/reaction time you can calculate the rate of reaction

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30
Q

Why are reactions faster at higher concentrations / pressure

A

The particles are more crowded, so there are more frequent successful collisions

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31
Q

How does surface area to volume ratio effect the rate of reaction (e.g as a powder)

A

If the surface area is greater :

More reactant particles are available for collisions
More successful collisions can occur more frequently

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32
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up

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33
Q

How do catalysts increase rate of reaction

A

They speed up the reaction by reducing the activation energy

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34
Q

What is collision theory

A

The theory that reactions can only take place when particles collide with enough energy (activation energy)

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35
Q

What happens to the rate of reaction, when temperature increases by 10°C

A

The rate of reaction will double

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36
Q

What is activation energy

A

The minimum energy needed for particles collide successfully

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37
Q

What is a reversible reaction

A

A reaction where the products can react together to form the reactants

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38
Q

What are the two types of reaction in reversible reactions

A

Forward reactions and backwards reactions

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39
Q

If the forward reaction is exothermic what type of reaction is the backwards reaction

A

It is endothermic

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40
Q

What is needed for a reversible reaction to be in equillibrium

A

It needs to be in a closed system (e.g a covered flask)

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41
Q

What is dynamic equillibrium

A

When a reversible reaction is at equilibrium, the rate of forward and backward reactions are equal

As these reactions are happening simultainiously it is a dynamic equillibrium

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42
Q

How do the concentrations of substances change in dynamic equillibrium

A

The concentrations remain constant

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43
Q

What is the equilibrium position

A

A description of the relative amounts of reactants and products in a mixture at equillibrium

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44
Q

Where is the equilibrium position when the reactants concentration is greater than the products

A

To the left

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45
Q

Where is the equilibrium position when the reactants concentration is lower than the products

A

To the right

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46
Q

What happens to the equillibrium position if you change the concentration of a substance in equillibrium

A

The equilibrium position moves away from the substance you have increased in concentration

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47
Q

What happens to the equillibrium position if you change the presure of a system in equillibrium

A

Pressure ↑ = moves in the direction of the fewest moles of gas

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48
Q

What happens to the equillibrium position if you change the temperature of a system in equillibrium

A

The equilibrium position moves in the direction of the endothermic change

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49
Q

What is La chatliers principle

A

If a system at equilibrium is exposed to a stress the system will shift to reduce that stress

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50
Q

Describe what happens if you increase the concentration of A

A→←B
(Reversible reaction)

A

The reaction becomes unbalanced so the forward reaction will speed up to use up the reactants

The equilibrium has been shifted to the right, to produce more products

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51
Q

Why does the equilibrium position change

A

As the reaction always wants to be in equilibrium, so it has to change to make the rate of reaction equal

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52
Q

How do you choose suitable pressures for a reaction

A

Using a high pressure for some reactions can speed up the rate of reaction

However working at pressures too high is expensive and can be dangerous

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53
Q

How are temperatures chosen for reactions

A

Specific temperatures are chosen based off of whether the reaction is endo or exothermic.

However s temperature cannot be too low as that will reduce the rate of reaction

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54
Q

What is the harber process

A

A process to manufacture ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen

N2 + 3H2 →← 2NH3(g)

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55
Q

How are the raw materials for the harber process manufactured

A

Nitrogen → fractional distillation of liquified air

Hydrogen → reacting with a natural gas such as methane, with steam

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56
Q

What are fertilisers

A

Substances that replace mineral ions used by plants when the grow

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57
Q

What are npk fertilisers / what ion do the replace in the soil

A

Nitrogen → nitrate or ammonium ions

Phosphorus → phosphate ions

Potassium → potassium ions

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58
Q

What are the ideal conditions for the harber process

A

200 atmospheres (200Mpa)

Temperature of 450°C

An iron catalyst

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59
Q

What happens to unreactive nitrogen and hydrogen in the harber process

A

It is used again (put back into the chamber used)

60
Q

How does the temperature effect, yield rate of reaction and cost for the harber process

A

↓ yield (forward reaction is exothermic)

↑ rate (more frequent successful collisions)

↑ cost (energy cost increases)

61
Q

How does the pressure effect, yield rate of reaction and cost for the harber process

A

↑ yield (less mol ok the right of the equation)

↑ rate (more frequent successful collisions)

↑ cost (energy costs)

62
Q

How does the catalyst effect, yield rate of reaction and cost for the harber process

A

No change in yield

↑ rate (lowers activation energy)

↑ cost (cost of catalyst is relatively cheap)

63
Q

What are organic fertilisers

A

Fertilisers made from fish bones or manure

64
Q

What happens to a plant with a nitrogen deficiency

A

Poor growth + yellow leaves

65
Q

What happens to a plant with a phosphorous deficiency

A

Poor root growth, discoloured leaves

66
Q

What happens to a plant with a potassium deficiency

A

Poor fruit growth, discoloured leaves

67
Q

How are fertilisers made

A

By neutralising an acid

Acid + alkali → salt + water

The salt is the fertiliser

Once neutralised used crystallization to obtain the salt

68
Q

Why are fertilisers made through a continuous process

A

Allows for automated production

More can be sold

69
Q

What is the contact process

A

A method used for making sulfuric acid

70
Q

What happens in the contact process

A

Stage 1
Sulfur is burnt in air to produce sulfur dioxide
S + 02 → 2SO2

Stage 2
Sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to produce sulfur trioxide
2SO2 + O2 →← 2SO3

Stage 3
The sulfur trioxide is converted to sulfuric acid

H20 + SO3 → H2SO4
(This is done in two different ways, as this reaction releases harmful gases)

71
Q

What are the conditions chosen for stage 2 of the contact process

A

Pressure of two atmospheres (200Kpa)

Temperature of 450°C

vanadium V oxide catalyst (V2O5)

72
Q

How are the hazards in the contact process controlled

A

In stage 3 the reaction is very exothermic and produces a hazardous mist so it is carried out in two steps

H2SO4 + SO3 → H2S2O7
(Sulfuric acid + sulfur trioxide previously → oleum)

H2S2O7 + H2Ob→ 2H2SO4
(Oleum + water → concentrated sulfuric acid)

73
Q

Why is ethanol made in two different ways

A

Fermentation of ethanol has a lower yield but can be drunk

Hydration of ethanol has a higher yield but cant be drunk

74
Q

How is ethanol made through fermentation

A

A crop is turned into glucose and added to yeast
Fermentation takes place in anaerobic conditions and Co2 is produced as a waste product

Yeast breaks down the glucose using enzymes, so in order to work fermentation is carried out at 35°C

The ethanol also needs to be purified through distillation

75
Q

How is ethanol produced through hydration

A

Raw materials such as crude oil are refined into ethene (fractional distillation and cracking)

Ethene is then heated with steam and a catalyst to produce ethanol

There are no waste products

It is a reversible reaction

Requires a temp of 300°C
And 60 atmospheres

76
Q

What is the difference in purity of ethene made by hydration and fermentation

A

Fermentation - low purity (must be distilled)

Hydration - high purity (no by-products)

77
Q

What is an ore

A

Rock or mineral containing enough metal to make it economical to use

78
Q

How are ores extracted

A

Electrolysis is expensive and can be used to extract all ores

If the metal is less reactive than carbon cheaper methods are used

79
Q

How is copper extracted from copper (II) sulfide

A

Copper (II) sulfide is roasted in air

Copper (II) + oxygen → Copper (II) oxide + sulfur dioxide

Stage 2

The copper (II) oxide is heated with carbon
Copper(II) oxide + carbon → copper + Carbon Dioxide

This is a redox reaction

80
Q

What is coke

A

Product (mainly carbon) made by heating coal in the absence of air

81
Q

Give an example of iron ore

A

Haematite

82
Q

What is a blast furnace

A

Industrial reaction vessel for iron production

83
Q

How is iron extracted

A

Coke, limestone (explained next flashcard) and iron(III) oxide are put into the blast furnace

Stage 1
Coke burns in hot air producing carbon dioxide
Carbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide

Stage 2
Coke reduces the carbon dioxide making carbon monoxide

Carbon + carbon dioxide → 2 carbon monoxide

Stage 3
Carbo monoxide reacts with iron (III) oxide at around 1500°C

3 CO + Fe2O3 → 3CO2 + Fe

84
Q

How are impurities removed from iron

A

They are removed by limestone

Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperatures
CaCO3 → CaO + Co2

The calcium oxide reacts with silica (from sand impurities) to form calcium silicate
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3

Calcium silicate is known as slag and floats on top of the molten oron

85
Q

What is slag

A

Waste material.

In extracting iron, the calcium silicate is called slag

86
Q

What ore contains aluminium

A

Bauxite (aluminium oxide)

87
Q

What is aluminum used for

A

Making drink cans, aircraft, overhead electricity cable, window frames

88
Q

How must aluminum be extracted

A

Through electrolysis (as it is more reactive than carbon)

89
Q

How is the melting point of aluminum oxide reduced and why.

A

It is dissolved in cryolite reducing its temp from 2000°C to 950°C

This means less energy has to be used, saving money

90
Q

How is aluminum oxide electrolysed

A

This is NOT electroylsis of molten m

The molten aluminum oxide dissolved in cryolite is placed in a large electrolysis cell, made from steel and lined with graphite

The graphite lining of the case acts as the cathode.

A series of graphite blocks act as the anode

Aluminum is produced at the cathode

91
Q

What is the half equation for the reactions during electrolysis of aluminum oxide

A

Cathode

Al3 + 3e- → Al

Anode
2O2- → O2 + 4e-

92
Q

Why do the anodes in an aluminum electrolysis cell have to be replaced every few weeks

A

As impurities from the solution and cryolite join to them

93
Q

What is photomining and how is it done

A

Process of obtaining low grade ore

Crops are grown on soil containing low grade ore
A complexing agent is added to the soil to enhance the crops uptake of the metal

Once grown the plants are burnt to ash

The plant ash contains metal ions and is smelted to yield the metal

This process is carbon neutral, but incredibly slow as the plants take years to grow

94
Q

What is a low grade ore

A

Rock with a low concentration of an ore

95
Q

What is bioleaching / how is it done

A

Bacteria oxidises Iron (III) and sulfide ions.

This forms sulfuric acid which breaks down copper sulfide ores releasing copper (II) ions

Waste iron can be added to the solution to displace copper ions and produce copper

96
Q

Comparison of bioleaching to photomining

A

Photomining:
Slow
Carbon neutral
Plants take up a large area to grow (less land for food farming)
Plants could alter the ecology

Bioleaching:
No waste products
90% of metal is extracted
Very slow process that can take gears
Uses less than 50% of the energy of traditional mining
Possible damage to the environment

97
Q

What are alloys

A

A mixture of two or more elements

98
Q

What is different between the structure of an alloy and the structure of a pure element

A

In a pure element the atoms are all the same size, so layers can slide over each other

In alloys there are different sized atoms, so they layers cant slide as well

This is why alloys are harder to bend

99
Q

What is solder made of / used for

A

It is an alloy made of tin and copper
It melts at 227°C so can be used to join electrical components without damaging

If copper was used instead the electrical components would be damaged as it melts at 1085°C

100
Q

What is corrosion

A

The reaction of a metal with substances in its surroundings, such as air and water

101
Q

What is rusting

A

The corrosion of iron or steel

102
Q

What type of reaction is corrosion

A

A redox reaction, as the metal reacts with oxygen (and water) in the air

103
Q

Why doesnt aluminum corrode

A

It always forms a thin layer of aluminum oxide, when exposed to air.

This means water and oxygen cannot react with the oxygen

104
Q

How does silver corrode

A

In the presence of hydrogen sulfide (produced naturally by bacteria)

It reacts with the silver when oxygen and water are present, producing a thin layer of black silver sulfide

105
Q

What are the 4 main methods of reducing rust

A

Painting
Coating with oil grease or plastic
Plaiting with zinc (galvanizing)
Playing with tin

106
Q

What is sacrificial protection

A

Rust prevention, in which a metal more reactive than iron such as magnesium or zinc, corrodes instead of iron or steel

107
Q

How does coating something in plastic prevent rusting

A

It prevents oxygen or water from coming in contact with the metal

108
Q

Where is sacrificial protection used (examples)

A

On ships, blocks of magnesium or zinc are played onto the hull
This protects the hull from rusting

109
Q

Why is sodium not suitable for sacrificial protection

A

It reacts too violently with water

110
Q

What is the process taken to galvanize a metal

A

A metal has to be dipped into molten zinc.
It is then cooled and then the thin layer of zinc solidifies

111
Q

What does galvanizing do

A

It stops air and water reaching the metal (e.g iron or steel)

It acts as sacrificial protection, so even if the zinc layer is damaged the object is protected

112
Q

How do you coat an object with tin

A

You have to electroplate it or dip it in molten tin

113
Q

Why can tin be bad for rust prevention

A

If used on steel cans and it is damaged :

The steel acts as sacrificial protection instead of the tin and rusts faster
(It is less reactive than iron)

114
Q

What are ceramics

A

Hard non-metalic materials such as brick

115
Q

What is the structure of most ceramics

A

Combination of metals and non metals

In a giant ionic lattice, or giant covalent structure

116
Q

What are the typical properties of ceramics

A

High melting points
Hard and stiff, not brittle
Poor conductors of electricity and heat

117
Q

How is glass formed

A

It is made by melting sand and leaving it to cool and solidify

Unlike other ceramics it has an irregular structure without crystals making it transparent

118
Q

How are most ceramics formed

A

By heating clay to high temperatures

Tiny crystals form joined together by glass

119
Q

What properties are important to look at when choosing a material to use

A

Properties relevent to its purpose, e.g

Conductivity
Tensile strength
Cost
Electrical resistance
Compressive strength

120
Q

What are composite materials

A

A material made from two or more materials with different properties to the original materials

121
Q

Why are composite materials used

A

As they can have improved properties to original materials
E.g
Stronger
Less dense
Cheaper

122
Q

Why are clothes made from a composite material

A

Polyester-cotton is an artificial polymer
It is made by weaving polyester and cotton fibers together
It is comfortable and harder than cotton, whilst still being easy to wash and dry

123
Q

What is Resin

A

A substance that changes from the liquid state to a solid state due to chemical reactions

124
Q

What is fiberglass made of

A

Glass fibers and a resin

125
Q

What is concrete

A

A composite material made from aggregate sand and cement

126
Q

What is concrete used for

A

It has a high compressive strength so can be used for the foundations of buildings

127
Q

What is steel reinforced concrete used for

A

This makes the concrete have a higher tensile strength and a high compressive strength, making it better to build with

128
Q

What is plywood

A

A composite material
Made from combining wood boards with alternating grain patterns

This increases its strength and makes it harder to bend

129
Q

What is the Life Cycle assessment

A

Analysis of the impact, production, use and disposal of a manufactured product

130
Q

What are the main stages the LCA looks at

A

Extraction (of materials)
Manufacture
Distribution
Use
Disposal

131
Q

What information does the LCA collect

A

Information on

Sustainability
Environmental impact
Lifespan
Disposal

132
Q

How can data collected in the LCA be used to improve a product

A

You can look at energy use in one section and compare it to others in order to see what you should improve

133
Q

What is one factor you dont look at in the LCA

A

Cost

134
Q

What is a landfill

A

Waste disposal where waste is put in the ground

135
Q

What is recycling

A

Processing a used material or object so that its substance can be used

136
Q

What do you need to consider when disposing raw materials

A

Conserving limited raw materials
Reducing waste
Reducing the release of harmful chemicals

137
Q

How do you decide if a material should be recycled

A

How easy the waste can be collected / sorted
The amount of any by-products released by recycling
The cost of recycling

138
Q

How is paper recycled

A

Paper is mixed with water, cleaned then rolled and heated to make new paper

139
Q

How are metals recycled

A

By heating

The molten metal is poured into moulds to produce new blocks called ingots

140
Q

How is glass recycled

A

It is heated and moulded into new objects

141
Q

How are polymers recycled

A

Polymers like polyethylene are heated and melted to form new objects

142
Q

What is the symbol equation for the harbour process and how is ammonia converted from a liquid to a gas

A

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

The ammonia is cooled by tubes of cooling water

143
Q

What are the benefits of using a higher atom economy

A

Reduces production of unwanted products
Process is more sustainable
Waste products produced might not be harmfull

144
Q

How can bioleaching be harmful to the environment

A

Sulfuric acid could escape into the soil or any water supplies

145
Q

What happens to the yield if the equilibrium shift to the left

A

Yield of backwards reaction increases
Yield of forward reaction decreases

(B - GCSE) Chemistry (7 decks)

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