C4 Chemical Changes Flashcards
What is the use of the reactivity series
Make predictions about the reactions of metals
What 2 non metals are included in the reactivity series and which is more reactive than the other
Carbon (more reactive)
Hydrogen (less reactive)
What are the 4 state symbols
(s) - solid
(l) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) - aqueous ( in sol. )
What does reacting a metal with oxygen create
(Metal) oxide
What is created when a metal is reacted with water
(Metal) Hydroxide
What is created when a metal is reacted with sulphuric acid
(Metal) sulphate
What is created when a metal is reacted with hydrochloric acid
(Metal) chloride
What is created when a metal is reacted with nitric acid
(Metal) nitrate
What are salts
A metal and non-metal chemically bonded together
What type of bonding is in salts
Ionic ( strong electrostatic force )
What is a displacement reaction
When a more reactive metal takes the place of a less reactive metal
(E.g. copper nitrate + potassium ——> potassium nitrate + copper)
What is a reduction reaction
When an atom gains an electron (Reduction Is Gain)
What is an oxidisation reaction
When an atom loses electrons (Oxidisation Is Loss)
What are native metals
Pure metals that are found in the ground
What metals are usually found native and why
Metals less reactive than hydrogen (e.g. platinum, gold, silver, copper)
They are so inert that they don’t react with there surroundings
What is an ore
A rock with a high enough concentration of metal atoms to make it viable enough for commercial use
What metals are found as ores
Anything more reactive than copper
Why is carbon used to reduce metals less reactive than it
Easy to produce/cheap
What element do all acids contain
Hydrogen (H)
What compound do all alkalis contain
Hydroxide (OH^-)
What are the products when a metal is used to create a salt
Salt + hydrogen
What is a base
Ionic compound that can neutralise acids
What is the difference between bases and alkalis
Alkalis are soluble bases
What products are created when bases are reacted with an acid
Salt + water
What is the reaction of an acid and a base/alkali called
A neutralisation reaction
What is a neutralisation reaction
Hydrogen and hydroxide ions reacting to create water ( neutral) so the concentration of hydrogen/hydroxide ions decreases
What products are created when alkalis are reacted with an acid
Salt+water
What products are created when carbonates are reacted with an acid
Salt + carbon dioxide
What are the 4 general word equation that are used to make salts
Acid + Metal ——> salt + hydrogen
Acid + Base ——> salt + water
Acid + Alkali ——> salt + water
Acid + carbonate——> salt + carbon dioxide
What does pH stand for
Potential of hydrogen
What is the correlation between pH and concentration of H+ ions
1.0 * 10^-(pH value)
What colour is a neutral in universal indicator
Green
What colour is an acid in universal indicator
Red
What colour is an alkali in universal indicator
Purple/indigo
What are the 4 components of an electrolysis circuit
Power supply
Electrolyte
Positive electrode (anode)
Negative electrode (cathode)
What is the name of the positive electrode in electrolysis
The anode
What is the name of the negative electrode in electrolysis
The cathode
Why does the electrolyte have to be an ionic compound
So the charged particles (ions) can move to the electrode
Why do electrolytes have to be molten or aqueous
So the ions can flow
Where do metal ions flow to in electrolysis and why
The cathode (negative electrode) as opposite charges attract each other
Where do non-metal ions flow to in electrolysis and why
The anode (positive electrode) as opposite charges attract each other
What is the half equation at the cathode
Metal ion + e- —> metal
(E.g. Pb^+2+ 2e- —> Pb)
What is the half equation at the anode
Non-metal ion —> Non-metal + e-
(E.g. 2Br^- —> Br + e-)
What is the name of aluminium ore
Bauxite
What is aluminium oxide dissolved it to lower its melting point
Cryolite(Na3AlF6) - brings melting temp down to 1000-900 degrees Celsius
What is the aqueous solution used in the electrolysis RP
Copper(II) chloride
What is the method of separating copper and chlorine (Electrolysis RP)
- Pour 50cm^3 of copper(II) chloride into a beaker then place a Petri dish with two holes over the top
- Insert 2 graphite rods into each hole(they must not touch)
- Attach graphite rods to crocodile leads to the rods and connect them to a low-voltage power supply
- Set power pack to 4v and switch on
- The cathode should be coated with copper and the anode should be gas bubbles of chlorine
Why is graphite used as the electrodes
They are inert
