C4

Question 1

What are plastics made up of?

Answer 1

Polymers

Question 2

What are polymers?

Answer 2

Molecules formed when monomers are joined together.

To make polymers, high pressure and a catalyst are required

Question 3

What are addition polymers made up of?

Answer 3

Made up of monomers which have a carbon-carbon double bond functional group.

Question 4

What is condensation polymerisation?

Answer 4

2 different monomers with different functional groups which react together, forming bonds.

Question 5

What are polymers held together by?

Answer 5

In polymers, all the atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds.
There are intermolecular forces between the chains

Question 6

What are the properties of Low density polyethene?

Answer 6

Lots of space between polymer chains, so forces are weak

-This makes it flexible so it is used for plastic bags

Question 7

What are the properties of High density polyethene?

Answer 7

Chains have strong forces of attraction, which makes it stronger and is used for watertanks.

Question 8

What do polymers which only contain intermolecular forces have?

Answer 8

Contain individual tangled chains

• can slide over each other
• the forces between the chains can be overcome, so the polymers can be melted.

Question 9

What are the properties of polymers with cross-links?

Answer 9

The chains are held together strongly.

• polymers don’t soften when heated
• strong, hard and stiff.

Question 10

What are giant covalent structures?

Answer 10

Atoms bonded by strong covalent bonds
High melting and boiling points
Do not conduct

Question 11

What is diamons?

Answer 11

Forms 4, strong covalent bonds

• very hard
• High melting point
• Doesn’t conduct as it has no free electrons

Question 12

What is graphite?

Answer 12

Only forms 33 covallent bonds, creating sheets of carbon atoms.

• layers are held together by weak intermolecular forces so can be rubbed off each other.
• high melting point as covalent bonds are hard to break
• graphite can conduct as there are free eletrons

Question 13

What is graphene?

Answer 13

A single sheet of graphine

Question 14

What is an example of ionic bonding?

Answer 14

NaCl

Question 15

What is an example of simple molecular bonding?

Answer 15

CO2

Question 16

What is an example of metallic bonding?

Answer 16

Iron

Question 17

What is an example of a polymer?

Answer 17

Polyethene

Question 18

What is an example of giant covalent structure?

Answer 18

Diamond

Question 19

What are the different bulk properties of materials?

Answer 19

• Melting point
• Strength
• Stiffness
• Hardness
• Brittleness
• Ease of reshaping
• Conductivity

Question 20

What are the properties of ceramics?

Answer 20

Stiff but brittle material

Question 21

What are composites?

Answer 21

Made of different materials.

Question 22

What are alloys?

Answer 22

A mixture of metals and other elements

Question 23

What are polymers suited to?

Answer 23

Some are flexible, so can be moulded into any shape

Others are strong so can be used for objects like lunchboxes.

Question 24

What are ceramics suited to?

Answer 24

Windows as they are strong and hard wearing

Question 25

What are metals suited to?

Answer 25

Suited to corrosion materials as they are strong.

Question 26

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 26

Where a metal loses electrons when corroding.

Question 27

What is required for Iron to corrode?

Answer 27

Oxygen and water

Question 28

What methods are there to prevent corrosion?

Answer 28

Creating barriers between metal and water and oxygen:
-Painting / coating with plastic

Sacrificial method:
-galvanising iron with zinc. The zinc may corrode or be scratched but the iron will not

Question 29

What is the difficulty of extracting raw materials?

Answer 29

Requires energy

• however products can be reused
• the energy comes from burning fossil fuels

Question 30

How are plastic water bottles recycled?

Answer 30

Made from polymer PET.

• plastic waste is sorted to seperate PET objects from other plastic materials
• PET is shredded and cleaned, then melted to make new products
• recycling PET is viable as it uses less materials than creating new PET.

Question 31

What are the difficulties with recycling?

Answer 31

Recycling requires energy and resources to collect materials, sort them.

Question 32

What does a life cycle assessment consist of?

Answer 32

1) Choice of material
2) Manufacture
3) Use of product
4) Disposal

Question 33

What does each stage of the life cycle assessment take in to account?

Answer 33

• How much damage it will do to the environment
• How much energy is required
• Is it biodegradable?

Question 34

What is the size (diameter) of a nanoparticle?

Answer 34

0.000000001m

Question 35

Why do nanoparticles have a large surface:volume ratio?

Answer 35

A higher proportion of the atoms are at the surface are able to react with more substances.

Question 36

What are fullerences?

Answer 36

Nanoparticles of carbon
Arranged in rings similar to graphite
-have delocalised electrons, so can conduct
-high tensile strength

Question 37

How can nanopartiicles modify the properties of metals?

Answer 37

• High surface:volume ratio so make good catalysts
• can cause drugs to be absorbed easier
• new coatings made with fullerences
• conduct so can be used in circuits

Question 38

What do people worry about the effects of nanoparticles on health?-

Answer 38

People believe they are small and may have unexpected side affects

• benefits have to be weighed up against the risks
• people believe products containing nanoprticles have been made availble before tested on humans.