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Chemistry Michael > C3.6 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Esters > Flashcards

C3.6 Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Esters Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alcohols?

A

A group of compounds that all contain an -OH group

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2
Q

What is the -OH group in alcohols an example of?

A

A functional group

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3
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the chemical properties of a compound

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4
Q

The alcohols are an example of a homologous series, what is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that react in a similar way because they have the same functional group

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5
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁ –> n = the number of carbons

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6
Q

What rule is applied to the name of alcohols?

A

They all end in ‘-ol’

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7
Q

What are the first 3 alcohols in the homologous series ?

A

Methanol, ethanol and propanol

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8
Q

Do alcohols contain double bonds?

A

No

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9
Q

How can you identify if a compound is an alcohol? (2)

A

Look for the ‘-OH’ group or see if it’s name ends in ‘-ol’

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10
Q

Are alcohols flammable?

A

Yes, they burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water

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11
Q

Do the first three alcohols dissolve in water?

A

Yes, they all dissolve completely to form neutral solutions

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12
Q

How do alcohols react with sodium?

A

They react to give hydrogen and alkoxides

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13
Q

What are the three main uses of alcohols?

A

Alcoholic drinks, solvents, and fuel

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14
Q

What is the most commonly used alcohol in alcoholic drinks?

A

Ethanol, when consumed it causes damage to the liver and brain

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15
Q

What solvents are alcohols used in?

A

Ethanol is used in perfumes and after shave lotions, and ethanol is used to make methylated spirit which cleans paint brushes

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16
Q

Why is methylated spirit dyed a purply-blue colour?

A

Because it is poisonous to drink

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17
Q

What are the benefits of using ethanol as a fuel? (4)

A

It burns fairly cleanly, it’s non-smelly, it comes from a renewable source, and third world countries can grow loads of sugar cane which is fermented to make ethanol

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18
Q

What are carboxylic acids functional group?

A

-COOH

19
Q

How is a carboxylic acid bonded to the functional group?

A

A double bond connects the carbon with a lone oxygen, and a single bond connects the carbon with the oxygen + hydrogen

20
Q

What is rule which applies to the name of carboxylic acids?

A

They all end in ‘-anoic acid’

21
Q

What are the first 3 carboxylic acids?

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, and porpanoic acid

22
Q

How can you tell if a compound is a carboxylic acid? (2)

A

If its name ends in ‘-anoic acid’ or if it contains the functional group ‘-COOH’

23
Q

What is produced when you react a carboxylic acid with a carbonate? (3)

A

Carbon dioxide, water and a salt ending in ‘-anoate’

24
Q

Why is it when acids dissolve in water, an acidic solution is made?

A

Because the acids ionise and release H+ ions which are what make the solution acidic

25
Q

what determines whether an acid is a strong or weak acid?

A

How well they ionise in water

26
Q

What happens when you dissolve strong acids in water?

A

They ionise completely, all of the acid molecules will ionise and release H+ ions

27
Q

What happens when you dissolve weak acids in water?

A

They only partially ionise, only some of the acid molecules ionise and release H+ ions

28
Q

Are carboxylic acids an example of strong or weak acids?

A

Weak acids - they don’t ionise completely in water

29
Q

What uses are there of carboxylic acids in industry? (3)

A

Soaps and detergents, vinegar and in the preparations of esters

30
Q

How is ethanoic acid made?

A

By oxidising ethanol

31
Q

How do you oxidise ethanol? (2)

A

By microbes (like yeast) causing the ethanol to ferment or with oxidising agents

32
Q

What is the word equation for the oxidation of ethanol?

A

Ethanol + oxygen ==> ethanoic acid + water

33
Q

How is vinegar made from ethanoic acid?

A

Ethanoic acid can be dissolved in water to make vinegar, which is used for flavouring and preserving food

34
Q

What is the functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

35
Q

How are esters bonded to their functional group?

A

By one double bond between the carbon and an oxygen, and one single bond between the carbon and the other oxygen

36
Q

How are esters made?

A

From an alcohol and a carboxylic acid - an acid catalyst is usually used

37
Q

What is the word equation for making an ester?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ==> ester + water

38
Q

What are the rules applied to the name of esters?

A

They all end in ‘-oate’, and the first part of the name comes from the alcohol that is used to make it and the second part comes from the carboxylic acid e.g. ethanol + ethanoic acid ==> ethyl ethanoate + water

39
Q

How can you identify esters? (2)

A

Either by their functional group ‘-COO-‘ or if their name ends in ‘-oate’

40
Q

What are the main properties of esters? (4)

A

They have a pleasant smell, they’re volatile, they are flammable and they don’t mix well with water, but do mix well with alcohols and other organic solvents

41
Q

What are the uses of esters? (5)

A

Perfumes, flavourings, ointments, paint, glue and much more

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of using esters? (3)

A

Inhaling the fumes of esters irritates mucous membranes in the nose and mouth, ester fumes are heavier than air and very flammable so when they come in contact with a naked flame they can cause a flash fire and some esters are toxic which is dangerous considering they are used as synthetic food additives

43
Q

What benefits do esters have over other organic solvents? (2)

A

They aren’t as volatile or toxic, and they don’t release nearly as many toxic fumes as some of them - esters have begun to replace more toxic solvents that used to be used in paints and varnishes

Chemistry Michael (18 decks)

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