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Chemistry- C3 > C3.6 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters > Flashcards

C3.6 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all names of alcohols end in?

A

-ol

eg ethanOL

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol?

A

CnH2n +1 OH

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that react in a similar way because they have the same functional group

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4
Q

What are the first 3 members in the homologous series for alcohols?

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol

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5
Q

What are some properties of alcohols (methanol, ethanol and propanol)?

A
  • dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
  • react with sodium to produce hydrogen
  • burn in air
  • are used as fuels and solvents, and ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks
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6
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain?

A

-OH

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7
Q

What is produced when an alcohol burns in air?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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8
Q

What is the word equation for methanol burning in air?

A

2CH3 0H + 3O2 ——– 2CO2 + 4H2O

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9
Q

What happens when alcohol is oxidised?

A

it forms a carboxylic acid

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10
Q

What happens when ethanol is oxidised?

A

it forms ethanoic acid (which is a carboxylic acid)

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11
Q

How can ethanol be oxidised to form ethanoic acid?

A

by chemical oxidising agents or by microbial action

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12
Q

What happens when an alcohol turns into a carboxylic acid?

A

the alcohol has been oxidised

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13
Q

What is the main acid in vinegar?

A

ethanoic acid

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14
Q

Vinegar is an …….. solution

A

aqueous

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15
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

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16
Q

What are some properties of carboxylic acids?

A
  • dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
  • react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
  • react with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
  • do not ionise completely when dissolved in water and so are weak acids
  • aqueous solutions of weak acids have a higher pH value than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration
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17
Q

What happens when alcohols dissolve in water?

A

a neutral solution is formed

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18
Q

What happens when alcohols react with sodium?

A

hydrogen is formed

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19
Q

What are some uses of alcohols?

A

fuels

solvents

ethanol is used in alcoholic drinks

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20
Q

Why are alcohols useful as solvents in industry?

A

as they can dissolve some substances that water can not dissolve- eg- hydrocarbons, fats

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21
Q

Describe how alcohol can be used as a fuel

A

ethanol can be mixed with petrol and used as fuel for cars- the more ethanol in a petrol/ethanol mix, the less pollution is produced as ethanol is clean burning

22
Q

What do the names of carboxylic acids end in?

A

-anoic

eg EthANOIC acid

23
Q

What happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

carbon dioxide and water and a salt is produced

the salt will end in -anoate

eg methanoic acid will form a methanoate salt

24
Q

Describe what happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water

A

They dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions.

This is because when they dissolve, they ionise and release H+ ions which are responsible for making the solution acidic.

However, they do not ionise completely (not many H+ ions are released) so they just form weak acid solutions

This means that they have a higher pH (less acidic) than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration

25
Q

What ions cause a solution to be acidic?

A

H+ ions

26
Q

What is the concentration of an acid?

A

how watered down the acid is

27
Q

What does the strength of an acid depend on?

A

How well the acid has ionised in water

28
Q

What is the word equation for the reaction of the formation of carboxylic acids?

A

alcohol + oxygen————- carboxylic acid + water

eg

ethanol + oxygen————- ethanoic acid + water

29
Q

Describe why wine goes off if you leave it open

A

as the ethanol in it is oxidised and has formed a carboxylic acid

30
Q

What are the first 3 carboxylic acids in the homologous series?

A

methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid

31
Q

What are carboxylic acids with longer chains of carbon atoms used to make?

A

soaps and detergents

32
Q

What is the word equation to produce an ester?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid ——- ester + water

33
Q

What is the word equation to make the ester, Ethyl ethanoate?

A

ethanoic acid + ethanol —– ethyl ethanoate + water

34
Q

What is needed to produce an ester?

A

a carboxylic acid, an alcohol and an acid catalyst

35
Q

Give an example of an ester

A

Ethyl ethanoate

36
Q

What do the names of esters end in?

A

-oate

37
Q

The alcohol forms the………… part of the esters name and the carboxylic acid forms the……. part

for example…..

A

first

second

methanol + propanoic acid —– methy propanoate + water

38
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

-COO-

39
Q

What are some properties of esters?

A
  • they are volatile compounds
  • have distinctive smells
  • useful as flavourings and as perfumes
  • flammable
  • do not mix very well with water (not very soluble)
40
Q

Why are esters used in perfumes?

A

they smell nice

they are volatile

41
Q

What are some negatives of using esters?

A

inhaling the fumes of some esters irritates mucous membranes in the nose and mouth

ester fumes are very flammable

some esters are toxic

42
Q

What are some advantages of using esters in solvents?

A

they are not as volatile or as toxic as some other organic solvents

this is whey esters have replaced other solvents in many paints and nail varnishes

43
Q

Name the series of organic compounds with the functional group

COO

A

esters

44
Q

What alcohol is used to make propyl ethanoate?

A

propanol

45
Q

When alcohols dissolve in water, why is the solution formed not alkaline?

A

as alcohols only have covalent bonds in its molecule

46
Q

When a carboxylic acid dissolves in water, the solution formed is……..

A

acidic

47
Q

What are some uses of ethanol

A

alcoholic drinks

solvents

fuels

48
Q

what type of reaction produces ethanoic acid from ethanol

A

oxidation

49
Q

Explain why a solution of ethanoic acid has a higher pH than a solution of hydrochloric acid

A

ethanoic acid is weak

because it does not completely ionise

50
Q

name the ester made from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

ethyl ethanoate

51
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

evaporates easily because it has a low boiling point

Chemistry- C3 (6 decks)

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