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GCSE Chemistry Yr 10 > C3 Structure and bonding > Flashcards

C3 Structure and bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

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2
Q

What is a substance?

A

A substance is matter that contains only one type of atom or molecule.

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3
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The attraction between 2 atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons.

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4
Q

What are the limitations of using the ball and stick method?

A

You cannot draw rotated bonds, and you cannot express 3D molecules.

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5
Q

Why do simple molecules have low melting and boiling points?

A

Because the forces of attraction are really low and easy to break. The intermolecular forces between the molecules are weak and can be broken at low temperatures ( less energy to break), meaning the low melting and boiling points.

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6
Q

Why do simple molecules not conduct electricity?

A

Because all the valence Electrons are bonded together and are unable to move.

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7
Q

What are simple molecular bonds?

A

Molecules containing a few atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

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8
Q

What are some examples of simple molecular bonds?

A

Hydrogen, chlorine, water and methane.

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9
Q

What are some properties of simple molecules?

A

Low ,melting and boiling points, no electrical conductivity, strong covalent bonds between atoms but weak intermolecular forces between molecules.

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10
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

n= carbon atoms
2= twice the number of carbons +2

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11
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon, eg methane, ethane

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12
Q

Word symbol for methane is?

A

CH4

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13
Q

Word symbol for ethane is?

A

C2H6

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14
Q

What is a giant covalent structure?

A

a structure in which very large numbers of atoms are joined together by covalent bonds in a regular network.

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15
Q

What is an intermolecular force?

A

A force of attraction that exists between molecules.

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16
Q

What are the properties of giant covalent structures?

A

High melting and boiling points, many very strong covalent bonds between atoms, not soluable in water, they are hard and do not conduct electricity. ( except graphite)

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17
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Graphite is able to conduct electricity because each carbon atom is has three bonds, leaving one delocalised electron that can move freely and carry charge, meaning it can conduct electricity.

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18
Q

Why is diamond unable to conduct electricity?

A

Diamond has a very strong covalent structure. It has 4 bonds per atom and no free electrons. This means that there are no electrons to conduct electricity and therefore diamond is unable to conduct electricity.

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19
Q

What is a lattice?

A

A closely packed, regular arrangement of particles.

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20
Q

What are some examples of giant covalent structures?

A

Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide.

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21
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule that is formed by joining lots of smaller molecules (monomers) together.

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22
Q

Why is diamond hard?

A

Diamond is hard because it has a giant covalent structure, with strong covalent bonds between each atom.

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23
Q

Why is graphite slippery?

A

The weak attractive forces between graphites layers means that the layers can easily slide across eachother.

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24
Q

What is an allotrope?

A

Different structural forms of the same element. They have different physical and structural properties and therefore different uses.

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25
Q

What are some examples of allotropes?

A

Carbon has allotropes, e.g diamond, graphite and fullerenes.

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26
Q

What is diamond made of and what is its structure?

A

Diamond is made of carbon atoms bonded by covalent bonds.
It has a giant covalent structure, in a giant crystal lattice.

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27
Q

What is diamond used for?

A

Tip of a drill, jewellery

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28
Q

What is graphite made of and what is its structure?

A

Graphite is made of carbon atoms bonded by covalent bonding.
It has a giant covalent structure (layer like lattice)

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29
Q

What is graphite used for?

A

Pencil leads, nuclear reactor cores.

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30
Q

What is graphene and what is its structure?

A

Graphene is a giant covalent structure of carbon atoms joined together in a hexagonal lattice. It is arranged in layers held together by weak intermolecular forces.

31
Q

What are graphenes properties?

A

It is one atom thick, making it a two dimensional substance.
Covalent bonding makes it strong and light.
Conducts electricity (like graphite does).

32
Q

What is graphene used for and why?

A

Solar cells, smart windows that can control heat, electronic displays.

33
Q

What is graphenes formula?

A

C(graphene)

34
Q

What is a fullerene and what is its structure?

A

An allotrope of carbon that is shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls. Made by bending sheets of graphene into hollow structures.
It has a simple molecular structure type.

35
Q

What is a Buckminsterfullerene?

A

The first spherical fullerene produced,

36
Q

What is the formula for buckminsterfullerene?

A

C60

37
Q

What are fullerenes used for?

A

Drug delivery, catalysts in chemical reactions, because fullerene’s intermolecular forces are weak, so its melting point is low. They can conduct electricity also.

38
Q

What uses do carbon nanotubes have and why?

A

For strengthening tennis racket frames because of their high strength to weight ratio.

39
Q

What are nanotubes?

A

Formed by fullerenes, they are tiny carbon cylinders.

40
Q

What is a nanoparticle?

A

Really tiny particles which are between 1-100 nano meters (nm) in size.

41
Q

How does the size of a nanoparticle compare to the size of an atom?

A

Nanoparticles are bigger than atoms because they consist of atoms.

42
Q

What are some properties of nanoparticles?

A

They have a large surface area. This means they have a large surface area to volume ratio.
They are really small.
Some nano particles conduct electricity.
Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties.
Gold nanoparticles are the most widely used nanoparticle.

43
Q

What are some uses of nanoparticles?

A

Huge surface area to volume ratio- help make catalysts.
Nanomedicine- tiny particles such as fullerenes are absorbed more easily by the body than most particles. They could deliver drugs into cells.
Silver nanoparticles- Have antibacterial properties. They can be used to make surgical masks and wound dressings. Also can be added to deodorants.
Nanoparticles can also be used in electrical circuits because they are small and can conduct electricity.

44
Q

What is nanoscience?

A

The study of particles and structures on the scale of nanometres. (Research that focuses pf nanoparticles)

45
Q

What are some disadvantages of nanoparticles?

A

The way they affect the body is not fully understood. No long term effects are known.
Some people worry that products containing nanoparticles have been used before the effects on human health have been investigated properly.
Many people believe that products containing nanoparticles should be clearly labelled so people can choose to use them or not.

46
Q

What are the roles of nanoparticles in suncreams?

A

They have been shown to be better at traditional sun creams at protecting skin from harmful UV rays.
They also give better skin coverage.

47
Q

What are some potential harmful effects of suncreams that contain nanoparticles?

A

It is not clear if nanoparticles get into your body, and if they damage cells.
It is possible that if they wash away they might damage oceanic environments.

48
Q

What are ions?

A

Charged particles

49
Q

metals form what charge of ions?

A

Positively charged ions.

50
Q

Non-metals form what charge of ions?

A

Negativity charged.

51
Q

Which groups are most likely to form ions?

A

Groups 1,2,6 and 7.

52
Q

What is a cation?

A

A particle with a positive charge, formed when one or more electrons are lost.

53
Q

What is an anion?

A

A particle with a negative charge, formed when one or more electrons are gained.

54
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of atoms of at least two different elements, chemically joined together.

55
Q

What is a noble gas configuration?

A

Find out and “isoelectronic”

56
Q

What is a solid?

A

A substance that is firm and stable in shape.

57
Q

What is a Liquid

A

A substance that flows freely but is of constant volume.

58
Q

What is a Gas?

A

A substance which will expand freely to fill the whole of a container, having no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

59
Q

What does it mean to freeze something?

A

To change a liquid to a solid due to heat

60
Q

What does it mean to melt something?

A

To change a solid to a liquid due to heat gain.

61
Q

What does it mean to evaporate something?

A

To turn from a liquid to a vapour or gas.

62
Q

What does it mean to condense something?

A

To turn from a gas or vapour to a liquid.

63
Q

What is a boiling point?

A

The temperature at which a liquid turns to vapour throughout the liquid.

64
Q

What is a melting point?

A

The temperature at which a given solid will melt.

65
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of an element that can still be recognized as that element.

66
Q

What is an ion?

A

A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) .

67
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charge ions.

68
Q

What does electrostatic mean?

A

Positive or negative charge.

69
Q

What is molten?

A

A solid that has been changed to a liquid by gaining heat.

70
Q

What is an intermolecular force?

A

Attractive forces that occur between the molecules.

71
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long chain molecule made up of lots of monomers joined together.

72
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

Chemical bonds in metals formed from the attraction between delocalized electrons and the positively charged metallic ions.

73
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion.

74
Q
A

GCSE Chemistry Yr 10 (7 decks)

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