C.3 Plant Multicelluarity

Question 1

Why can’t multicellular organisms rely on simple “environment to cell” transfer of nutrients and wastes?

Answer 1

Only a few of the cells of multicellular organisms are in direct contact with the environment.

Question 2

Division of labour

Answer 2

It is when cells from multicellular organism cells take on specialized functions.

Question 3

Tissue

Answer 3

A group of cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

Question 4

Organs

Answer 4

Tissues that work together form organs.

Question 5

Organ systems

Answer 5

Organs that work together form organ systems.

Question 6

What creates multicellular organisms?

Answer 6

The interaction of organ systems. Multicellular organisms display a high level of ‘interdependence of cells”.

Question 7

How many organ systems are there in plants?

Answer 7

2. Shoot and root.

Question 8

Shoot system

Answer 8

Comprises all of the plant above the ground.

Question 9

Root system

Answer 9

Includes all of the underground tissues and any roots rising above ground.

Question 10

Characteristics roots and shoot systems share.

Answer 10

• systems
• contain cells and tissues,
• phloem
• xylem
• water

Question 11

Root system characteristics.

Answer 11

• brown
  -below ground
• ‘gravs’ water, oxygen, and minerals from the soil
• storage of food
• anchors plants

Question 12

Shoot system characteristics.

Answer 12

• green
• above ground
  -‘grabs’ sunlight
• produces food through photosynthesis
• distributes food
• sexual reproduction

Question 13

What is an example of a plant organ?

Answer 13

The leaf.

Question 14

What is the leaf composed of and what do they work together to achieve?

Answer 14

The leaf, like all organs, is composed of a number of tissues. They work together in a leaf to achieve photosynthesis.

Question 15

What are the tissues that make up the outer part of the plant called?

Answer 15

Dermal tissues.

Question 16

What are the tissues in the middle part of the plant called?

Answer 16

Ground tissue.

Question 17

What is another name for ground tissue?

Answer 17

mesophyll

Question 18

What does the dermal tissue of the leaf, also known as the epidermis do?

Answer 18

• acts to protect the leaf
• permit the exchange of gasses
• allow light to pass to the ground tissues.

Question 19

What is Cuticle?

Answer 19

The waxy substance which coats the leaf in a layer, created by the epidermis.

Question 20

What does the cuticle do?

Answer 20

It protects the leaf from pests and disease and prevents dehydration.

Question 21

What is embedded in the epidermis?

Answer 21

Guard cells which surround openings, called stomata (singular stoma)

Question 22

What do the guard cells do?

Answer 22

They regulate the exchange of gases by changing their shape to control the size of the stomata.

Question 23

What do the guard cells do when water moves into the Stomata.

Answer 23

They swell and open. When water moves out they deflate and close.

Question 24

What is the mesophyll tissue of the leaf divided into?

Answer 24

two types or layer. The Palisade tissue and the Spongy mesophyll tissue.

Question 25

Palisade tissue

Answer 25

cells are long and narrow like columns and are packed closely together.

Question 26

Why are palisade tissue cells efficient for photosynthesis?

Answer 26

Because the cells are close to upper layer for maximum sunlight exposure and are full of chloroplasts.

Question 27

What do spongy mesophyll tissue contain less of?

Answer 27

chloroplasts.

Question 28

What do spongy mesophyll tissue cells look like?

Answer 28

Round and loosely packed with many air spaces around them allowing for water and gas exchange with the environment.

Question 29

What runs through the leaf mesophyll?

Answer 29

vascular bundles (veins) which are composed of 2 tissues themselves.

Question 30

What are the 2 tissues of the vascular bundles?

Answer 30

phloem and xylem

Question 31

What is phloem responsible for?

Answer 31

The movement of the products of photosynthesis: glucose.

Question 32

What is xylem responsible for?

Answer 32

The movement of water used in photosynthesis.

Question 33

What is the primary purpose of the leaf?

Answer 33

To photosynthesize.

Question 34

What does being an autotrophs (self feeders)producers mean?

Answer 34

Plants do not rely on other organisms for their energy requirements.

Question 35

How do plants get energy?

Answer 35

Like all photosynthetic organisms, plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical potential energy, stored in the bonds of the glucose molecule.

Question 36

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 36

Carbon dioxide + water ->->photosynthesis/light energy ->-> glucose +oxygen gas.

Question 37

What kind of reaction is photosynthesis and how does the energy act.

Answer 37

It is an endothermic reaction. The energy is required or acts as a reactant.

Question 38

What catalyst does photosynthesis require?

Answer 38

Chlorophyll which is found in chloroplasts. The green pigment of chlorophyll helps for the reaction to occur, but is not used up in the reaction.

Question 39

Where does the water for photosynthesis move?

Answer 39

From the roots via the xylem to the leaves.

Question 40

Where does the carbon dioxide move in photosynthesis?

Answer 40

It moves via the stomata in the leaves.

Question 41

Transpiration

Answer 41

is the evaporation of water through the leaves

Question 42

Guard cells regulate the size of the stomata in order to...

Answer 42

increase or decrease the absorption of CO2 and the loss of oxygen and water. Oxygen is released to atmosphere as a product of photosynthesis.

Question 43

Lenticles

Answer 43

Are openings/pores in the stems of plants and are also involved in gas exchange.

Question 44

What do plant cells do when they require energy?

Answer 44

Their mitochondria participate in cellular respiration, process which is chemically the reverse of photosynthesis. Glucose + Oxygen -> carbone dioxide + water + energy

Question 45

What causes movement through the xylem?

Answer 45

It's like pulling fluid up a straw. Transpiration removes water form the leaves, creating suction, called tension or transpirations pull.

Question 46

What is cohesion?

Answer 46

attraction of water molecules for one another

Question 47

What is adhesion?

Answer 47

Attraction of water to the xylem.