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BIOLOGY Section 2 Cells > C3 Cell Structure > Flashcards

C3 Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

These are (mostly) multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells like animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

These are single-celled organisms made up of prokaryotic cells like bacteria.

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3
Q

Organelles found in a typical animal cell

A

Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Rectilium(smooth and rough) Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Ribosome

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4
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

Controlling the cell’s activities - The DNA contains instructions to produce proteins Synthesis of ribosomes NUCLEAR ENVELOPE - Double membrane; outer membrane has ribosomes on its surface; controls entry and exit of substances out of the nucleus NUCLEAR PORES - allows the passage of larger molecules NUCLEOPLASM - makes up bulk of nucleus( the inside) Chromosomes - protein bound, linear DNA NUCLEOLUS - spherical region within the nucleus, makes ribosomal DNA an assembles them (can be more than one)

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5
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Found on the surface of animal cells - controls what enters and leaves the cell. Fluid - phospholipids can move Cell signalling - Receptors can detect signals from other cells Phospholipid Bilayer

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6
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration Has a Double Membrane - controls the entry and exit of substances; the inner membrane is folded to make extensions called CRISTAE - provides large surface area for enzymes + proteins involved in respiration to attach

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis - Involved in the process of translation Two sizes: 70s (eukaryotic) 80s (prokaryotic + smaller)

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus/body & Vesicles

A

Proteins are passed through to be MODIFIED and added to other molecules. Labels proteins to be TRANSPORTED to their correct destination(transported in Golgi VESICLES to the cell surface to fuse with the membrane to release contents to the outside). Stores lipids and protein Stack of membranes that make up flattened sacs(CISTERNAE) with hollow structures.

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9
Q

Lysosomes

A

Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic enzymes. Surrounded by a membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cytoplasm of the cell. Digests worn-out organelles so useful chemicals can be reused. Breaks down dead cells (autolysis). Releases to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) to destroy material around the cell

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10
Q

Endoplasmic Rectilium

A

Contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space, known as CISTERNAE. R(rough)ER - Synthesis and transport of proteins - The proteins are made using the ribosomes(that are on the outer surface of the cisternae). S(smooth)ES - Synthesis, storage, and transport of lipids and carbohydrates.

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11
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports the cell - The contents of the cell press against the cell wall to make it rigid. Prevents the cell from bursting - The cell wall can withstand high osmotic pressure. Allows exchange of substances between cells. Made up of cellulose. Contains channels (gaps) known as PLASMODESMATA (or plasmodesma if just one).

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis - These reactions take place in the grana and stroma. CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE - surrounds the organelle; entry and exit THYKALOID - fluid-filled sacs that contain chlorophyll; where 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place GRANA - 100 thylakoid STROMA - fluid-like matrix where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place. DOUBLE MEMBRANE

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13
Q

Vacuole

A

Helps to maintain pressure within the cell, which keeps the cell rigid and stops the plant from wilting. TONOPLAST - the membrane around the organelle Contains cell sap (solution of sugar and sugars).

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14
Q

Algae

A

Contain the same organelles as plant cells. Contain chloroplasts with different shapes to those found in plant cells. CELL WALL made of cellulose and/or glycoprotein

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15
Q

Fungi

A

Contain most of the organelles found in plant cells. Do not contain chloroplasts. Cell walls made up of chitin rather than cellulose.

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16
Q

Specialised cells

A

These are cells with certain features that allow them to carry out a particular function.

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17
Q

Tissue

A

This is a group of similar cells working together to carry out a particular function.

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18
Q

Organ

A

This is a group of tissues working together to carry out a particular function.

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19
Q

Organ system

A

This is a group of organs working together to carry out a particular function.

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20
Q

Examples of animal tissues

A

SQUAMOUS Epithelial tissue - sheets of cells; that line organs and have protective functions. CILIATED epithelium - lines organs such as the trachea where it can sweep mucus away from the lungs; made up of ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells. The goblet cells release mucus to trap pathogens, whilst the ciliated epithelial cells use cilia to sweep the mucus away.

21
Q

Examples of plant tissues

A

Xylem - transports water, and mineral ions through the plant; made up of dead xylem vessel cells which have no end walls and no organelles. This forms a continuous column through which water can flow. The walls of these cells are strengthened by a waterproof material known as lignin.

22
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A

SLIME CAPSULE - protects bacterial cells from other cells & helps bacteria stick together for protection. PILI - used for attaching to other cells or surfaces. FLAGELLA - assist the cell in movement. PLASMID - extra genes (eg for antibiotic resistance) found in smaller loops. MUREIN - makes up cell wall

23
Q

Comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

P; no nucleus E; contains nucleus P; circular DNA free in cytoplasm E; DNA enclosed in nucleus, linear P; DNA bound to proteins E; DNA not associated w/ histones/proteins P; no membrane-bound organelles E; contains membrane-bound organelles P; ribosomes size 70s E; ribosomes 80s P; MUREIN cell wall E; plants have cellulose, fungi have chitin cell wall

24
Q

What do Prokaryotes, Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have in common?

A

2 circular strands of DNA and 70S ribosomes

25
Q

What do the similarities between Prokaryotes, Mitochondria and Chloroplasts mean?

A

mitochondria may have evolved from prokaryotes OR eukaryotes have engulfed a prokaryote forming an endosymbiotic relationship and evolving into mitochondria

26
Q

Virus Structure

A

Always present:

Genetic material - Viral genomes may be DNA or RNA and single or double-stranded.
Capsid - A layer of protein molecules that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
Sometimes present:

Lipid Envelope - An outer layer made up of phospholipids (only present in some viruses).
Attachment proteins - Also known as surface, attachment, or envelope proteins, these help viruses bind to host cells.
Enzymes - Some viruses carry enzymes, like reverse transcriptase, which allows them to convert RNA into DNA.

27
Q

Resolution

A

measure of microscope’s ability to distinguish 2 points which are close together on an object

28
Q

Transmission electron microcope

A

Uses electromagnets to transmit a beam of electrons through a specimen. The denser parts absorb more electrons, so appear darker in the image formed.

29
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Scan a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen. Reflected electrons are then used to form an image.

30
Q

Artefacts

A

residue/ anything we are not viewing

31
Q

Difference between microcopes

A

S; no thin specimen (but still will be dead) T; thin specimen required (therefore specimen will be dead) O; specimen can be alive S; electron beams bounce off the surface of the specimen T; electron beam penetrates the specimen; allowing us to see internal structures S; 3D images T; 2D images S; less complex staining process T; complex staining process O; complex staining process S; image may contain artefacts T; no artefacts S+T; black + white images O; colour images S+T; higher resolution (light has longer wavelengths than electrons)

32
Q

Why must the solution be ICE-COLD during ultracentrifugation?

A

To reduce enzyme activity that might digest organelles

33
Q

Why must the solution be ISOTONIC during ultracentrifugation?

A

To prevent the organelles from bursting/ shrinking due to osmosis

34
Q

Why must the solution be BUFFERED during ultracentrifugation?

A

To keep the pH constant and prevent the denaturing of enzymes

35
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

The process of seperating cell organelles from each other

36
Q

Homogenise

A

1st step of cell fractionation: Breaking up of cells - grinds up cells or vibrates; breaks plasma membrane

37
Q

Filtration

A

2nd step of cell fractionation: filtering cell debris/ unbroken cells from the organelles

38
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

3rd step of cell fractionation: supernatant is centrifuged (spun) at high speeds so heavier organelles will collect at the bottom of the tube to be removed

39
Q

Pellet

A

Thick sediment @ the bottom of the tube; contains heavier organelles

40
Q

Supernatant

A

Rest of the lighter organelles that are suspended in the solution above the pellet

41
Q

Weight order of organelles

A

Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Ribosomes

42
Q

Mitosis

A

Divison of a cell that results in each of the daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other

43
Q

G1 (First Gap Phase)

A

The cell grows larger, and copies organelles

44
Q

S Phase

A

Synthesises a copy of the DNS in it’s nucleus and duplicates centrosome

45
Q

G2 (Second Gsp Phase)

A

Cell grows mmore, maks proteins and organelles, and begins to rearrange contents for mitosis again - G2 ends when mitosis begins

46
Q

INTERPHASE

A

Occupies most of the cell cycle; sometimes known as resting phase due to no division taking place

47
Q

NUCLEAR DIVISION

A

When the nucleus divides into two (mitosis) or four (meiosis)

48
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

After/ follows nuclear division and is the process by which the cytoplasm divides to produce 2/4 new cells; part of TELOPHASE

BIOLOGY Section 2 Cells (2 decks)

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