C3 Flashcards
Are electrons positively or negatively charged?
Negatively (-)
How are positive (+) ions formed?
When atoms lose electrons
How are negative (-) ions formed?
When atoms gain electrons
What do you get when one or more atoms are joined together?
Molecules and compounds
What is a compound?
A substance made up of different types of atom.
What do atoms use to join together?
Chemical bonds
What are the 2 main type of bonds between atoms?
Ionic and covalent
What is the molecular formula for Carbon Dioxide?
CO 2
What is the molecular formula for Hydrogen?
H 2
What is the molecular formula for Hydrochloric acid?
HCl
What is the molecular formula for Calcium carbonate?
CaCO 3
What is the molecular formula for Water?
H 2 O
In an exothermic reaction, is energy taken in or given out?
Given out
In an endothermic reaction, is energy taken in or given out?
Taken in
If you see an increase in temperature in a reaction, is it exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic - heat is given out
If you see a drop in temperature in a reaction, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic - heat is taken in
Energy must be taken in to break old bonds, so bond breaking is a __________ process
Endothermic
Energy is given out when new bonds are made, so bond making is a __________ process
Exothermic
What is the limiting reactant?
What causes the reaction to stop because it is used up
More collisions __________ the rate of reaction
Increase
Increasing the __________ increases the rate of reaction
Temperature
Why does using smaller particles increase the rate of reaction?
There is a larger surface area
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction
In the periodic table the elements have 2 numbers, what is the bigger one called?
Relative atomic mass
In a reaction no _____ is lost, and no _____ is gained.
Mass
If you double the ___________, you double the _________
Reactant, product
What is atom economy?
The % of reactants changed into useful products
What is the equation for atom economy?
Mr of desired product / Mr of all products x 100
What is ‘predicted yield’ ?
How much product you expect to get
What is the equation for percentage yield?
Actual yield (g) / predicted yield (g) x 100
What are up to 4 ways you can lose reactant or product along the way in a reaction?
Evaporation, filtration, transferring liquids and not everything will react to make product.
What is a continuous production?
A production that never stops
What is batch processes?
When chemicals are made only when needed, this means the process isn’t running all the time.
What are some things that increase the cost of making Pharmaceutical Drugs?
Research, raw materials, marketing and time taken for development.
What is an allotrope?
Is a different structural form of the same element in the same physical state e.g both solids
What are 2 properties of diamond?
Very hard, and has a high melting point.
What are 2 properties of graphite?
Conducts electricity, and it’s slippery.
