C3(3): Sampling, Reliability, Validity, Variables, Hypothesis

Question 1

What are different types of Sampling?

Answer 1

1. Probability (Representative) Sampling
2. Non - Probability (Non - Representative) Sampling

Question 2

What are the Probability Sampling types?

Answer 2

1. Random Sampling (P(ai) = 1/N)
2. Systematic Sampling (P(ai) = 1/N & a2 = a±d & a3 = a±2d & so on)
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Census (Collection of data from an entire population)

Question 3

What are the Non - Probability Sampling types?

Answer 3

1. Quota Sampling
2. Snowball Sampling
3. Multistage Sampling (Stage - 1: Select groups from the entire population
   Stage - 2: Select groups within groups)
4. Volunteer Sampling
5. Convenience Sampling
6. Purposive Sampling

Question 4

What is the criticism of Sampling?

Answer 4

1. Karl Popper: Researchers should try to falsify theories based on the untypical examples
2. Herbert Blumer: Researchers should study best informed members of the group rather than a cross - section of a group

Question 5

Define Reliability
Define Replicability

Answer 5

1. Other researchers using the same method on same material produce same results
2. Ability to reproduce an entire study and achieve same results

Question 6

Define Validity

Answer 6

A valid statement gives true measurement and explanation of what it claims to measure

Question 7

Types of Validity

Answer 7

1. Measurement Validity
2. Internal Validity
3. External Validity
4. Ecological Validity

Question 8

Define Variables

Answer 8

Specific characteristics (or) attributes of the more general concepts (or) more specifically the attributes of events, objects, things - observed and controlled by Researchers

Earl R Babbie: Logical set of attributes

Example: Emile Durkheim - Multi Variate analysis in study of Suicide

Question 9

Types of Variables

Answer 9

1. Dependent & Independent Variables
   (a) Dependent Variables - Presumed Effect
   (b) Independent Variables - Presumed Cause
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
3. Continuous (No definite value) and Discrete Variables (Definite value)
4. Intervening Variable - Develops the relationship between the dependent and independent variables

Question 10

Define Hypothesis

Answer 10

Intuition based generalization of which the validity has to be tested

Question 11

Types of Hypothesis

Answer 11

1. Inductive Hypothesis
   Based on the reasoning from multiple inputs
2. Deductive Hypothesis
   Falsification of a prevalent theory
3. Null Hypothesis
   No relationship (or) effect
4. Alternative Hypothesis
   Relationship (or) effect exists
5. Directional Hypothesis
   Specifies the direction of the relation (Increases/Decreases)
6. Non - Directional Hypothesis
   Specifies no direction of the relation