C3 Flashcards
What is always conserved in a chemical reaction?
Mass
No atoms are destroyed or created in a chemical reaction.
What is the relationship between the mass of products and reactants?
Mass of product = Mass of reactant
What happens to mass if a reactant is a gas and the products are solid, liquid, or aqueous?
Mass may appear to increase or decrease
What charge do Group 1 elements have?
+1 charge
What charge do Group 2 elements have?
+2 charge
What charge do Group 0 elements have?
No charge
What charge do Group 7 elements have?
-1 charge
What is the charge of Oxygen?
-2 charge
What is the charge of Sulphur?
-2 charge
What is the charge of Nitrogen?
-3 charge
What is the charge of Phosphorus?
-3 charge
What is the charge of Aluminium?
+3 charge
What is the charge of Gallium?
+3 charge
What is the charge of Zinc?
+2 charge
What is the charge of Cadmium?
+2 charge
What is the charge of Silver?
+1 charge
How many oxygen atoms are in Carbon Monoxide?
One oxygen atom
How many oxygen atoms are in Carbon Dioxide?
Two oxygen atoms
What does (s) denote in chemical notation?
Solid
What does (l) denote in chemical notation?
Liquid
What does (g) denote in chemical notation?
Gas
What does (aq) denote in chemical notation?
Aqueous
What does Aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water
What is Avogadro’s Constant?
6.02 × 10^23
What is the formula triangle for mass in relation to moles?
Mass / Mole x Mr
What type of reaction is a redox reaction?
Reduction and oxidation happen at the same time
What is reduction in terms of oxygen?
Loss of oxygen
What is oxidation in terms of oxygen?
Gain of oxygen
What is an acid?
A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
What is a base?
A substance that reacts with an acid to neutralise it and produce a salt
What does pH < 7 indicate?
Acid
What does pH = 7 indicate?
Neutral
What does pH > 7 indicate?
Alkaline
The value of the pH is inversely proportional to the
concentration of hydrogen ions
What is neutralisation?
The reaction between acids and bases producing a salt and water
What are strong acids?
Ionises completely in solutions and releases a large proportion of acid molecules
What are weak acids?
Do not fully ionise in solution and release only a small proportion of acid molecules
What does concentration measure?
How watered down acid in a litre of solution
If the concentration of H+ ions increases by x 10, what happens to pH?
pH decreases by 1
How can soluble salts be made?
By reacting an acid with an alkali
What is electrolysis?
A process in which an electric current is passed through a compound causing a chemical change
What are the three components of electrolysis?
- Electrolyte
- Two electrodes
- Electrical supply
What is an electrolyte?
A substance that can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water
What is an electrode made from?
Metal or graphite
What is the cathode?
Negative electrode
What is the anode?
Positive electrode
What type of bonds may form between non-metal atoms?
Covalent bonds
What are inert electrodes made from?
An unreactive material which can conduct electricity
