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GCSE Chemistry AQA > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the properties of a solid.

A
  • fixed arrangement of particles
  • regular arrangement of particles
  • particles cannot move, only vibrate in place
  • particles cannot be compressed
  • particles touch
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2
Q

Describe the properties of a liquid.

A
  • no fixed arrangement
  • no regular arrangement
  • particles touch
  • particles cannot be compressed
  • particles can slide over each other to move
  • particles move to fill a container
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3
Q

Describe the properties of a gas.

A
  • no fixed arrangement of particles
  • no regular arrangement of particles
  • particles do not touch
  • particles CAN be compressed
  • particles move to fill a container
  • particles move rapidly and randomly
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4
Q

What are the limitations of the particle model ?

A
  • assumes particles are made of solid spheres
  • assumes there are no forces operating in between particles
  • the size of certain particles varies drastically based on what that particle actually is (ion, atom of which element etc.)
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5
Q

Describe the energy transfers that occur when a solid is heated to a temperature above its boiling point.

A

-

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6
Q

What effect does temperature and pressure have on a fixed mass of gas ?

A
  • increasing temp of a gas increases gas particles’ energy
  • particles move more rapidly and with more force
  • pressure increases
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7
Q

What is it called when a gas turns straight into a solid ?

A

deposition

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8
Q

What is it called when a solid turns straight into a gas ?

A

sublimation

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9
Q

Which force of attraction is referred to when talking about ions (including giant ionic lattices/structures) ?

A

ELECTROSTATIC force of attraction

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10
Q

Explain why solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity.

A
  • very strong electrostatic forces hold lattice together
  • ions cannot move to carry charge
  • can only carry charge when molten (high temp gives enough energy to break forces) or in solution (water molecules separate ions from lattice) as forces are then broken and ions can move to carry charge
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11
Q

What is a single, double, triple and so on covalent bond ?

A
  • single = one pair of shared electrons involved
  • double = two pairs of shared electrons involved
  • triple = three pairs of shared electrons involved

etc.

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12
Q

Why do simple molecules have low melting and boiling points ?

A

weak INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - less energy to break

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13
Q

Why don’t simple molecules conduct charge ?

A
  • no overall charge on account of covalent bonds
  • don’t conduct electricity
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14
Q

What is the relationship between intermolecular force strength and size of a molecule ?

A

bigger size = stronger force

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15
Q

What are the limitations of the 2D ball and stick model ?

A

show bonds at 90’ but are at different angles

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16
Q

What are the limitations of the 3D ball and stick model (on paper) ?

A

hard to visualise 3D shape

17
Q

What are the limitations of the dot and cross model ?

A
  • in reality, all electrons are identical
  • electrons are constantly moving in reality
  • electrons are usually between the nuclei of the bonded atoms in reality
18
Q

What type of force is referred to when discussing giant covalent structures ?

A

COVALENT BONDS

19
Q

Name three properties of a giant covalent structure (in general).

A
  • insoluble in water
  • hard (doesn’t apply to graphite)
  • don’t conduct electricity (doesn’t apply to graphite)
  • high mps and bps
20
Q

Describe the structure of graphite.

A
  • arranged in layers of atoms
  • only 3 covalent bonds between atoms
  • each atom has one delocalised electron in between the hexagonal graphite layers which can move to carry charge
  • weak intermolecular forces between layers so are easy to slide, making graphite soft
21
Q

What are some properties of fullerenes and how are these taken advantage of ?

A
  • high tensile strength (so used to reinforce composites)
  • high electrical and thermal conductivity due to the bonding replicating graphite’s and so having delocalised electrons (so used in the electronics industry)
  • many have cage-like structures (can be used for medicine/drug/radiation delivery in medical treatments)
  • large SA:V ratio of nanoparticles (used as lubricants)
22
Q

Name 4 properties of graphene.

A
  • extremely low density
  • most reactive form of carbon
  • even better thermal and electrical conductor than graphite
  • strong for its mass
23
Q

Give one future application of graphene.

A

quicker, more powerful computer chips

24
Q

Describe the structure of metals.

A
  • layers of regularly arranged POSITIVE IONS
  • ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons surrounding the ions, so can carry charge throughout the metallic lattice
  • lattice held together by ELECTROSTATIC FORCE OF ATTRACTION between POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS and NEGATIVELY CHARGED ELECTRONS IN THE SURROUNDING ‘SEA’
25
Q

Why are alloys harder than pure metals ?

A
  • pure metals have layers of atoms in regular arrangements that can be easily slid over each other
  • alloys introduce differently sized metal atoms to the main metal, which disturb the structure and RESTRICT the movement of layers
26
Q

Why are alloys worse at conducting electricity than pure metals ?

A
  • differently sized metal atoms disrupt the metallic structure and RESTRICT the movement of electrons
27
Q

Why are nanoparticles good to use in industry ?

A
  • large SA:V ratio so very reactive without needing much of the reactant
  • more sustainable as less of the material is needed to produce the same effect
  • can absorb better into skin if used in skincare etc.
28
Q

Name 6 different applications of nanoparticles.

A
  • cosmetics (so ingredients absorb better into skin)
  • titanium oxide + zinc oxide nanoparticles coated w/silica are excellent at blocking UV rays, so used in sunscreens
  • titanium oxide coated glass to make windows self-cleaning
  • gold nanocages for drug delivery in cancer treatment
  • gold nanoparticles to help pinpoint tumour destruction and tumours only in cancer treatment (so that healthy tissues are not bothered)
  • silver nanoparticles in fridges and socks to inhibit the growth of bad bacteria
29
Q

Give 4 possible future applications of nanotubes/nanocages.

A
  • extremely small electronic circuits
  • nanotech army suits
  • biological sensors so patients can monitor their own health at home
  • computers with improved memories and processing speeds
30
Q

Describe 3 possible risks of nanoscience.

A

-nanoparticles have a high SA:V ratio so are very reactive making safe storage hard without explosions etc.
- could have adverse effects on the environment
- could cause respiratory problems

GCSE Chemistry AQA (15 decks)

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