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LGS GCSE OCR Chemistry A > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metals are represented in equations by what type of formula?

A

Empirical formula

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2
Q

Ionic compounds are represented in equations by what type of formula?

A

Empirical formula

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3
Q

Simple covalent molecules are represented in equations by what type of formula?

A

Molecular formula

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4
Q

What is the formula for carbon dioxide?

A

CO2

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5
Q

Bromine is a halogen

What is the formula for bromine?

A

Br2

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6
Q

What is the formula for nitrogen?

A

N2

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7
Q

What is the formula for oxygen?

A

O2

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8
Q

What is the formula for sulfur?

A

S

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9
Q

Potassium is a metal

What is the formula for potassium?

A

K

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10
Q

Aluminium is a metal

What is the formula for aluminium?

A

Al

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11
Q

What is the formula for sodium chloride?

A

NaCl

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12
Q

What is the formula for magnesium bromide?

A

MgBr2

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13
Q

What is the formula for lithium oxide?

A

Li2O

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14
Q

Phosphorus exists as simple molecules

What is the formula for phosphorus?

A

P4

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15
Q

Iodine is in group 7

What is the formula of an iodide ion?

A

I-

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16
Q

Chlorine is in group 7

What is the formula of a chloride ion?

A

Cl-

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17
Q

Sulfur is in group 6

What is the formula of a sulfide ion?

A

S2-

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18
Q

Oxygen is in group 6

What is the formula of an oxide ion?

A

O2-

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19
Q

Nitrogen is in group 5

What is the formula of a nitride ion?

A

N3-

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20
Q

Sulfate is a complex ion

What is the formula of a sulfate ion?

A

SO42-

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21
Q

Nitrate is a complex ion

What is the formula of a nitrate ion?

A

NO3-

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22
Q

Carbonate is a complex ion

What is the formula of a carbonate ion?

A

CO32-

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23
Q

Calcium is in group 2

What is the formula of a calcium ion?

A

Ca2+

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24
Q

What is the formula for methane?

A

CH4

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25
Q

What is the formula for sulfur dioxide?

A

SO2

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26
Q

What is the formula for sulfur trioxide?

A

SO3

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27
Q

What is the formula for carbon monoxide?

A

CO

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28
Q

What is the formula for silicon dioxide?

A

SiO2

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29
Q

What is the formula for potassium nitrate?

A

KNO3

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30
Q

What is the formula for lithium carbonate?

A

Li2CO3

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31
Q

What is the formula for iron(III) oxide

A

Fe2O3

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32
Q

What is the formula for a copper(II) ion?

A

Cu2+

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33
Q

What is the formula for a silver ion?

A

Ag+

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34
Q

What is the formula of sodium sulfate?

A

Na2SO4

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35
Q

In terms of structure, how do the group 7 elements exist?

A

Diatomic molecules

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36
Q

In terms of structure, how do the group 0 elements exist?

A

Monatomic gases

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37
Q

What is the half equation for sodium ions being produced from sodium?

A

Na –> Na+ + e-

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38
Q

What is the half equation for magnesium ions being produced from magnesium?

A

Mg –> Mg2+ + 2e-

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39
Q

What is the half equation for magnesium ions being produced from aluminium?

A

Al –> Al3+ + 3e-

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40
Q

What is the half equation for oxide ions being produced from oxygen?

A

O2 + 4e- –> 2O2-

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41
Q

What is the half equation for bromide ions being produced from bromine?

A

Br2 + 2e- –> 2Br-

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42
Q

What does Avogadro’s constant tell us?

A

The number of entities in one mole

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43
Q

What is the S.I. unit of measurement of amount of substance?

A

The mole (mol)

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44
Q

What is the value of Avogadro’s constant (including units)?

A

6.02 x 1023 /mol

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45
Q

How many moles of hydrogen atoms are contained in 3 mol of water molecules?

A

6 mol

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46
Q

What is meant by molar mass?

A

The mass of 1 mole of a substance

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47
Q

What are the units for molar mass?

A

g/mol

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48
Q

What is the molar mass of methane?

Ar of carbon = 12.0
Ar of hydrogen = 1.0

A

16 g/mol

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49
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where energy is transferred (given out) to the surroundings

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50
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction where energy is transferred (taken in) from the surroundings

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51
Q

What happens to the temperature when an exothermic reaction takes place

A

The temperature increases

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52
Q

What happens to the temperature when an endothermic reaction takes place?

A

The temperature decreases

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53
Q

Are combustion reactions exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

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54
Q

What is the definition of bond energy?

A

The energy required to break 1 mole of a particular bond

55
Q

Is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic?

A

Endothermic

56
Q

Is bond making exothermic or endothermic?

A

Exothermic

57
Q

What sort of reaction is this?

A

Endothermic

58
Q

What sort of reaction is this?

A

Exothermic

59
Q

Which arrow represents the overall energy change?

A

Arrow A

60
Q

Which arrow represents the activation energy?

A

Arrow C

61
Q

Define oxidation in terms of the transfer of oxygen

A

Gain of oxygen by a substance

62
Q

Define reduction in terms of the transfer of oxygen

A

Loss of oxygen by a substance

63
Q

Define oxidation in terms of electrons

A

Oxidation is a loss of electrons

64
Q

Define reduction in terms of electrons

A

Reduction is a gain of electrons

65
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where both oxidation and reduction happen at the same time

66
Q

Oxidation or reduction?
Al –> Al3+ + 3e-

A

Oxidation

67
Q

Oxidation or reduction?
Fe3+ + 3e- –> Fe

A

Reduction

68
Q

What happens to an oxidising agent during a redox reaction?

A

It gets reduced

69
Q

What happens to a reducing agent during a redox reaction?

A

It gets oxidised

70
Q

Which species is being oxidised?
Mg(s) + CuO(s) –> MgO(s) + Cu(s)

A

Magnesium

71
Q

Which species is the oxidising agent?
Mg(s) + CuO(s) –> MgO(s) + Cu(s)

A

Copper oxide

72
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance which releases H+ ions when dissolved in water

73
Q

What is a base?

A

A substance which can neutralise acids

74
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A base which is soluble in water

75
Q

What is the pH of an acidic solution?

A

Less than 7

76
Q

What is the pH of an alkaline solution?

A

Greater than 7

77
Q

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A

7

78
Q

Name an indicator other than litmus or universal indicator

A

Methyl orange or phenolphthalein

79
Q

What is the general word equation for neutralisation?

A

acid + base –> salt + water

80
Q

What happens to the pH if a base or alkali is added to an acid?

A

It increases

81
Q

What type of salts are formed from hydrochloric acid?

A

Chlorides

82
Q

What type of salts are formed from nitric acid?

A

Nitrates

83
Q

What type of salts are formed from sulfuric acid?

A

Sulfates

84
Q

What type of salts are formed from phosphoric acid?

A

Phosphates

85
Q

Which acid could have formed this salt?
Na3PO4

A

Phosphoric acid

86
Q

Which acid could have formed this salt?
MgSO4

A

Sulfuric acid

87
Q

Which compound would react with hydrochloric acid to produce CuCl2?

More than one answer is possible

A

Copper oxide
OR
Copper hydroxide
OR
Copper carbonate

88
Q

What is the ionic equation for neutralisation?

A

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) –> H2O(l)

89
Q

What is the general word equation for the reaction between an acid and a carbonate?

A

acid + carbonate –> salt + water + carbon dioxide

90
Q

What is the general word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal?

A

acid + metal –> salt + hydrogen

91
Q

What is a dilute acid?

A

A solution of acid with a low ratio of acid to volume of solution (i.e. a low concentration of acid)

92
Q

What is a concentrated acid?

A

A solution of acid with a high ratio of acid to volume of solution (i.e. a high concentration of acid)

93
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

An acid that is fully ionised in solution

94
Q

What is a weak acid

A

An acid that is partially ionised in solution

95
Q

What is the name of the type of graph shown?

A

pH titration curve

for a strong acid added to a strong alkali

96
Q

At what point on the graph is the concentration of hydroxide ions greatest?

A

0 cm3 (pH 13)

97
Q

At what point on the graph is the concentration of H+ ions greatest?

A

50 cm3 (pH 1.4)

98
Q

At what volume of acid added is the concetration of hydrogen and and hydroxide exactly equal?

A

25 cm3

99
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

A process in which an electric current is passed through a compound, causing a chemical change.

100
Q

What is the name for the solution or liquid in electrolysis which contains mobile ions and conducts electricity?

A

Electrolyte

101
Q

What is the name for the two inert substances (often graphite) used in electrolysis.

A

Electrodes

102
Q

What is the name of the positive electrode in electrolysis?

A

The anode

103
Q

What is the name of the negative electrode in electrolysis?

A

The cathode

104
Q

What happens to positive ions during electrolysis?

A

They gain electrons at the cathode

105
Q

What happens to negative ions during electrolysis?

A

They lose electrons at the anode

106
Q

What are positive ions known as?

A

Cations

107
Q

What are negative ions known as?

A

Anions

108
Q

What is meant by the term “discharged” in the context of electrolysis?

A

When ions gain or lose electrons to become atoms or molecules at an electrode

109
Q

What would be the product formed at the anode in the electrolysis shown?

A

Bromine (Br2)

110
Q

What would be the product formed at the cathode in the electrolysis shown?

A

Lead (Pb)

111
Q

At which electrode is oxidation occuring?

A

Anode

112
Q

At which electrode is reduction occuring?

A

Cathode

113
Q

Why do salts need to be molten or dissolved in solution to be electrolysed?

A

Because the ions in a solid salt cannot move, so cannot conduct electricity.

114
Q

What two ions are always present in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution?

A

H+ and OH-

115
Q

During the electrolysis of water, what is produced at the cathode?

A

Hydrogen

116
Q

During the electrolysis of water, what is produced at the anode?

A

Oxygen

117
Q

When water is electrolysed, what is the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode?

A

4H+ + 4e- –> 2H2

OR 2H+ + 2e- –> H2

118
Q

When water is electrolysed, what is the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode?

A

4OH- –> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-

119
Q

In the electrolysis of solutions, what rule can be used to predict what is produced at the cathode?

A

If ions from a metal that is more reactive than hydrogen are present, hydrogen ions are discharged to form hydrogen. If ions from a metal that is less reactive than hydrogen are present, the metal ions are discharged to form the metal.

120
Q

In the electrolysis of solutions, what rule can be used to predict what is produced at the anode?

A

Oxygen is produced at the anode, unless halide (group 7) ions are present (in high enough concentration), in which case the halogen (group 7 element) is produced.

in GCSE chemistry, you can assume a suffiecient concentration of halide

121
Q

Which of these metals are more reactive than hydrogen?
sodium; copper; gold

A

sodium

122
Q

Which of these metals is less reactive than hydrogen?
platinum; lead; aluminium

A

platinum

123
Q

What would be formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous potassium chloride?

A

hydrogen

124
Q

What would be formed at the anode during the electrolysis of aqueous potassium chloride?

A

chlorine

125
Q

What would be formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulfate?

A

copper

126
Q

What would be formed at the anode during the electrolysis of aqueous copper sulfate?

A

oxygen

127
Q

What would be formed at the cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

hydrogen

128
Q

What would be formed at the anode during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide?

A

oxygen

129
Q

If you want to coat a piece of copper with silver by electroplating, what should the anode be made of?

A

silver

130
Q

If you want to coat a piece of copper with silver by electroplating, what should the cathode be made of?

A

the piece of copper

131
Q

If you want to coat a piece of copper with silver by electroplating, what would be a suitable electrolyte?

A

silver nitrate solution

nitrate salts are commonly used as they have good solubility

132
Q

In the purification of copper by electrolysis which electrode consists of the impure copper?

A

the anode

133
Q

In the purification of copper by electrolysis which electrode consists of the pure copper?

A

the cathode

134
Q

In the purification of copper by electrolysis what happens to the impurities?

A

They fall from the anode and collect at the bottom of the electrolyte

LGS GCSE OCR Chemistry A (7 decks)

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