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Biology-10 > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis

A

Plants capture light energy from the sun and convert into chemical energy potential energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules.

Endothermic reaction.

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2
Q

Which organelle does it occur in?

A

Occurs in the chloroplasts.

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3
Q

Photosynthesis equation:

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ light energy = C6 H12 O6+ O2

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4
Q

What are the two plant organ systems:

A
  • Root system

- Shoot system

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5
Q

What does the shoot system do:

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide and light energy from above the ground

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6
Q

What organs does the shoot system have:

What do they do?

A
  • Stems: supports the leaves and reproductive structure.

- Leaves; Main photosynthetic organ of the plant

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7
Q

What does the root system do;

A

The root system absorbs the minerals and the water from the ground.

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8
Q

What organs does the root system have:

What do they do?

A

Roots:

  • Anchors the plant into the soil
  • Absorbs water and minerals
  • Stores carbohydrates.
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9
Q

What are the three tissues that each organ system has?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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10
Q

What does Dermal tissue do?

A

Is the protective outer layer of the plant

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11
Q

What does Vascular tissue do?

A

Transports material between the root and shoot systems

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12
Q

What does Ground tissue do?

A

Includes specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis and support.

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13
Q

Cuticle

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

A waxy layer that covers the upper epidermal cells.
Prevents water loss

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14
Q

Upper Epidermis

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

Cells located at the top
Protect the leaf from physical damage and pathogens.

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15
Q

Palisade cells

Tissue and function

A

Ground:

Contains chloroplasts
Site of most the leaf’s photosynthesis

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16
Q

Vascular Bundle

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

Visible as leaf veins
Contain xylem and phloem that transport fluids.

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17
Q

Xylem

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

  • Tubular elongated cells that are dead.
  • Carry water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.
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18
Q

Phloem

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

  • Long narrow cells that are alive
  • Transport sugars from the leaves to other parts of plants where they are needed.
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19
Q

Lower Epidermis

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

Cells located at the bottom
Protect leaf from physical damage and pathogens

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20
Q

Spongy Tissue Cells

Tissue and function

A

Ground

Contain chloroplasts
Located under palisade cells
Carry out photosynthesis
Air spaces between the cells allow for gas transport within the leaf.

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21
Q

Stomata

Tissue and function

A

Dermal

  • Contain guard cells
  • Opening in the epidermal layer that carries out gas exchange
  • Allow gases in and out of the leaf.
  • Contain guard cells that change the diameter of stoma by changing shape.
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22
Q

Function of xylem tissues:

A

Xylem tissue transports the water and minerals (upwards) from the roots to the leaves

Xylem tissues are dead at functional maturity

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23
Q

2 cells that xylem tissue is made out of (+1):

A
  • tracheids

- vessel elements

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24
Q

1) Step 1 of the Xylem process:

A

Absorption by the Roots into the Xylem:

  • Water is transported into the roots through osmosis
  • Minerals are transported into the roots through active transport or diffusion depending on concentration gradient.

-Root hairs expand the surface area of the roots.

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25
Q

2) Step 2 of the Xylem process:

3

A

Bulk transport from the Roots to the Leaves:

The water and minerals (xylem sap) is transported against the force of gravity by bulk transport:

  • Root pressure
  • Transpiration Pull
  • Adhesion and Cohesion
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26
Q

2a) Xylem process: Root pressure

A
  • is created by the accumulation of water and minerals in the root xylem.
  • Root pressure pushes the xylem sap up the stem towards the leaves.
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27
Q

2b) Xylem process: Transpiration Pull

A
  • is created by water evaporation (transpiration) in the leaves.
  • Water is pulled up the xylem tissue to replace the water that is lost through transpiration in the leaves.
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28
Q

2c) Xylem process: Cohesion and Adhesion

A

-are due to water properties:

  • Cohesion: is the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
  • Pulls a column of water up the leaves
  • Adhesion; is the tendency of water molecules to stick to certain surface (hydrophilic), due to hydrogen bonding.
  • Prevents xylem sap from falling back (reduces the force of gravity)
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29
Q

What is the phloem process:

A

Sugar is transported by the phloem tissue from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

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30
Q

What are the two cells that make up the phloem tissue:

A

sieve-tube elements and companion cells

31
Q

The 4 Steps in Sugar Transport (Phloem):

A

Sugar is transported from the sugar source, where sugar is made, to sugar sink, where sugar is used.

32
Q

1) Step one of sugar transport process

A

Sugars produced by the sugar source are transported into the phloem vessel through active transport

33
Q

2) Step one of sugar transport process

A

osmosis causes water into the phloem vessel

  • Increases the pressure inside the vessel
  • dilute high concentration of sugar
  • makes sugar less vicsious
  • makes sugar more movable
34
Q

3) Step one of sugar transport process

A

Pressure and concentration gradients move the phloem sap towards the sugar sink

35
Q

4) Step one of sugar transport process

A

Increasing pressure forces the phloem sap out of the vessel and into the neighboring cells

-water is recycled

36
Q

Where does most gas exchange occur in the cell:

A

Stomata

37
Q

Where is CO2 transported in the leaf and where is O2 transported in the leaf?

Which time of transport?

A

CO2 is transported into the leaf and O2 is transported out of the leaf for photosynthesis.

-Transported through passive diffusion

38
Q

Where does exchange occur in stems.

A

Lenticles: are lense shaped openings in the bark of woody plants that enable gas exchange.

39
Q

What is transpiration?

A

is the loss of water vapour from the leave by diffusion and evaporation.

40
Q

What increases water loss in plants ?

A

Large surface areas, large SA/V ratio and stomata are good for photosynthesis but cause water loss.
-95% of water is lost from plants through stomata.

41
Q

How can water loss be controlled?

A

Water loss can be controlled by guard cells that change the diameter of the stomata by changing shape.

42
Q

Opening guard cells:

A
  • Guard cells gain water
  • turgid
  • opening
43
Q

Closing guard cells:

A
  • guard cells lose water
  • flaccid
  • closing
44
Q

Stimulus to guard cells open:

A
  • moist environments
  • light
  • less carbon dioxide
  • circadiam rhythms
45
Q

Stimulus to guard cells close:

A

-dry environments

46
Q

When are stomata open and when are they closed?

A

Stomata open during day time
Stomata close during night time
Stomata prevent water loss under condition when photosynthesis cannot occur.

47
Q

when does photosynthesis and gas exchange occur:

A

mainly occurs during the day when light and oxygen are present.

48
Q

What is tropism:

A

Is any growth response that results in plant organs toward or away from stimuli

49
Q

Positive tropism:

A

growth towards stimuli

50
Q

Negative tropism:

A

growth away from stimuli

51
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Growth towards or away from light

52
Q

Which scientists conducted the phototropism experiment.

A

Charles and Francis Darwin

53
Q

What was the problem of the Darwin Experiment?

A

what part of plant senses where the light is coming from.

54
Q

What was the conclusion of the Darwin Experiment?

A

The tip of the seedling detects light and sends a signal down to stem to control it.

55
Q

Why does curved growth occur in phototropism?

A

The light produces auxin which elongates the cells on the shaded side faster than the cells on the bright side.

56
Q

What was the result of the Darwin and Darwin Experiment:

A

Tip Removed- No Phototropism

Tip covered by opaque cap- No phototropism

Tip covered by transparent cap- positive phototropism

Curvature covered by opaque shield- positive phototropism

57
Q

What was the problem of Boysen and Jensen experiment?

A

What type of signal controls the stem growth

58
Q

What were the method of the Boysen and Jensen experiment?

A

Tip seperated from the step by different types of barriers

59
Q

What was the result of the Boysen and Jensen experiment?

A

Gelatin (permeable)
– positive phototropism.

  • Mica (impermeable)
    – no phototropism.
60
Q

What was the conclusion of the Boysen and Jensen Experiment?

A

The signal is a mobile chemical because it
passes through the gelatin (permeable barrier), but not
through the mica (impermeable barrier)

61
Q

What was the problem of Frits Went Experiment?

A

What is the chemical signal?

62
Q

Frits Went Experiment Results:

A
  • Centered – grew straight.
  • Off-centered – curved away from the
    side with the agar block.

Agar cube no chemical: No growth

Agar cube with chemical: Growth

Agar cube placed left: Curves right

Agar cube placed right: Curves left

63
Q

Frits Went Conclusion:

A

Auxin (Greek for increase) is the chemical

messenger, hormone, that causes elongation of the cells on the darker side

64
Q

What is Gravitropism?

A

Growth in response to gravity

65
Q

what gravitropism do roots display:

A

Positive

66
Q

What gravitropism do stems display:

A

Negative

67
Q

Stratoliths

A

are organelles
containing dense starch
grains that allow plants to
detect gravity

68
Q

Day and Night• Sleep movements

A

are plants responses to day and
night. These responses follow a biological clock or
circadian rhythm

69
Q

Leaves in the evening

A

Plants lower their leaves in

the evening

70
Q

Leaves in the morning

A

and raise them in the morning.

  • Due to changes in
    turgor pressure at base of
    stem
71
Q

Hydrotropism

A

growth in

response to water.

72
Q

Thermotropism

A

tendency to

turn away or toward heat or cold

73
Q

Chemotropism

A

growth in

response to a chemical stimulus.

Biology-10 (2 decks)

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