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GCSE Chemistry > C2b > Flashcards

C2b Flashcards

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1
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy required in a collision for particles to react

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2
Q

What 4 factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

A

Temperature, pressure or concentration, surface area, catalysts

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3
Q

What is the experiment for the effect of temperature on rate of reaction? How does it work?

A

1) Sodium thiosulfate and HCl
Clear solutions make yellow precipitate
Time mark fading, repeat at different temperatures
2) Particles more faster - higher chance of collision, higher energy = more successful

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4
Q

What is the experiment for the effect of concentration on rate of reaction? How does it work?

A

1) Mg metal and HCl
H gas released - mass balance
Regular readings, repeat at different concentrations
2) Particles closer together, higher chance of collision

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5
Q

What is the experiment for the effect of surface area on rate of reaction? How does it work?

A

1) Marble chips + HCl
Gas syringe of CO2 at regular intervals
Repeat more crushed up
2) More particles available to react

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6
Q

What is the experiment for the effect of catalysts on rate of reaction? How does it work?

A

1) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Measure O gas with syringe
Manganese IV oxide catalyst
2) Lowers Ea, provides surface for particles to stick to

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7
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the reaction without being changed or used up

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8
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using catalysts in a reaction?

A

+ Saves energy, environment, time, money

- Specific to reaction, expensive, can be poisoned

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9
Q

What is the equation for the rate of a reaction?

A

Rate = change in reactant / time

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10
Q

What are the three methods of measuring a reaction?

A

1) Precipitation - product clouds solution, time how long it takes for mark to disappear
2) Change in mass - gas given off
3) Volume of gas given off - with gas syringe in given time period

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11
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that transfers (heat) energy to the surroundings, usually shown by a rise in temperature e.g. combustion, neutralisation, oxidation - hand warmers

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12
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that takes in (heat) energy, usually shown by a fall in temperature e.g. thermal decomposition, sports injury packs

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13
Q

What is the equation for neutralisation?

A

Acid + base = salt + water

H+ + OH- = H2O

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14
Q

What is the difference between a base and an alkali?

A

Alkali = a base that can dissolve in water

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15
Q

What is the equation for an acid reacting with a metal?

A

Acid + metal = Salt + hydrogen

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16
Q

Why is the reactivity series relevant in a neutralisation reaction?

A

Any metal below H will not react

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17
Q

Are (hydr)oxides soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

18
Q

What is the equation for an acid reacting with a metal (hydr)oxide?

A

Acid + (hydr)oxide = Salt + water

19
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

Rare neutralisation reaction as no water produced
Ammonia + Nitric acid = Ammonium nitrate
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3

20
Q

Which three salts are insoluble?

A 
Lead Chloride (PbCl2)
Silver Chloride (AgCl)
Lead Sulfate (PbSO4)
21
Q

What are the two ways to make soluble salts?

A

Using a metal or insoluble (hydr)oxide

Using an alkali

22
Q

How do you make soluble salts using a metal or insoluble (hydr)oxide?

A

1) Excess metal to make sure all acid used up, stir
2) Filter excess
3) Evaporate

23
Q

How do you make soluble salts using an alkali?

A

1) Add exact amount of alkali to neutralise acid using universal indicator
2) Repeat without UI
3) Evaporate water

24
Q

How do you make an insoluble salt?

A

1) Pick solutions with ions you need

2) Once salt precipitated (lying at bottom), filter, wash ,dry

25
Q

What can a precipitation reaction to make an insoluble salt be used for?

A

Remove unwanted ions from water - treat sewage

Ca and Mg removed to make water hard - stops soap lathering

26
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

The splitting up of a substance with electricity

27
Q

What carries electricity in electrolysis?

A

Electrolyte - liquid with free ions (when a salt is molten it will conduct electricity)

28
Q

OIL RIG?

A

Oxidation is Loss

Reduction is Gain

29
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A 
Cation = positive
Anion = negative
30
Q

What is the difference between a cathode and an anode?

A 
Cathode = negative
Anode = positive
31
Q

Why is cryolite used in the electrolysis of aluminum oxide (bauxite ore)

A

To lower melting point from 2000 to 900 - save energy and money

32
Q

Why is CO2 produced in the electrolysis of aluminum oxide?

A

Anode made from carbon so needs to be replaced

33
Q

Why is the reactivity series important in electrolysis?

A

If both metal+ and H+ are present, metal will stay in solution as more reactive

34
Q

What are halide ions?

A

Br, I, Cl - if these are present in a solution they will be formed. If not O2 is released

35
Q

What is produced in the electrolysis of brine (NaCl solution)?

A

Cl2 gas
H2 gas
NaOH

36
Q

What are Cl and NaOH used for?

A

Cl - bleach + plastics

NaOH - make soap

37
Q

What are the half equations for the electrolysis of Al2O3?

A

Cathode: Al3+ + 3e- = Al
Anode: 2O2- - 4e- = O2

38
Q

What is electroplating?

A

Coating the surface of an object with a metal

39
Q

What needs to be in the electrolyte of any electroplating reaction?

A

Metal ions from the metal you want to coat an object with

40
Q

What charges do the pure metal and object have in electroplating?

A

Pure metal - positive

Object - negative

41
Q

Why do we use electroplating?

A

Decoration - cheaper to coat

Conduction

GCSE Chemistry (2 decks)

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