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Chemistry C2 (ACTUAL) > C2.4-C2.7 > Flashcards

C2.4-C2.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two ways to find the rate of a reaction?

A

Tracking the amount of reactants used up in a time

OR

Tracking the amount of products made up in a time

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2
Q

What is the relationship because the rate of a reaction and the gradient of the graph of that reaction?

A

They are equal

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3
Q

What is the equation for rate of reaction?

A

Change of product or reactant / Time

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4
Q

What must particles do to react?

A

Collide

Have activation energy

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5
Q

What does the rate of a reaction depend on?

A

The frequency of the collisions between particles

The energy transferred in those collisions

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6
Q

What does the speed of a particle relate to?

A

How much energy it has

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7
Q

Why does the rate of the reaction increase positively with an increase of concentration?

A

There are more particles packed into a smaller space

- -> The particles collide more
analogy: year 7s at a disco

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8
Q

What happens to the rate of reaction when the surface area increases?

Why?

A

It increases

There are more particles on the surface of the solid
- so the particles of the liquid collide with them more often

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9
Q

How does temperature affect rate of reaction?

Why?

A

It increases the rate of reaction

The particles have more energy the hotter they are
-move around faster, collide more and so react more

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10
Q

What factors affect the rate of reaction?

A

Temperature
Concentration
Surface area
Presence or absence of a catalyst

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11
Q

Explain collision theory

A

Every chemical reaction: bonds broken and remade

For a chemical reaction= reactant particles must collide with activation energy

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12
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to initially break the bonds of reactant particles (so they can react)

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13
Q

How does the presence of a catalyst speed up a reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction

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14
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction

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15
Q

How does an exothermic reaction work?

A

Heat from the reaction goes to the surroundings as bonds are made

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16
Q

How does an endothermic reaction work?

A

Heat from the surroundings goes to the reaction as bonds are broken

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17
Q

What ions do acids produce when they’re dissolved in water?

A

H+

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18
Q

What ions do alkalis produce when they’re dissolved in water?

A

OH-

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19
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A base that can dissolve in water

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20
Q

Are all bases alkali?

A

NO

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21
Q

Are all alkalines bases?

A

YES

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22
Q

What is the equation of a neutralisation reaction?

A

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

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23
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compound produced when an acid reacts with something

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24
Q

What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Alkali?

A

Salt + Water

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25
Q

What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Base?

A

Salt + Water

26
Q

What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Metal?

A

Salt + Hydrogen

27
Q

What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Carbonate?

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

28
Q

What are the two things that make up a salt?

A

A metal compound + A non-metal compound

29
Q

Where does the non-metal part of a salt come from?

A

The acid
hydrochloric acid –> chlorides
sulphuric acid –> sulphates
nitric acid –> nitrates

30
Q

Where does the metal part of a salt come from?

A

Depends on the reaction:
EITHER

A metal (e.g magnesium)

An insoluble base (e.g copper oxide)

A soluble alkali (e.g sodium hydroxide)

31
Q

What is the state symbol for soluble?

A

aq`

32
Q

What is the state symbol for insoluble?

A

s

33
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

An insoluble salt formed from the reaction of two soluble solutions

34
Q

What are the products of a reaction with the reactants of Soluble salt + Soluble salt?

A

Insoluble salt + Soluble salt

35
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

The process of breaking up ionic compounds using electricity

36
Q

What electrode are negative ions (anions) attracted to during electrolysis?

A

Anode

Positive electrode

37
Q

What electrode are positive ions (cations) attracted to during electrolysis?

A

Canode

Negative electrode

38
Q

What are pos. charged ions called during electrolysis?

A

Cations

39
Q

What are neg. charged ions called during electrolysis?

A

Anions

40
Q

What is the pos. electrode in electrolysis called?

A

Anode

41
Q

What is the neg. electrode in electrolysis called?

A

Cathode

42
Q

What is the process of electrolysis?

A

2 Electrodes- pos. & neg.
- battery moves electrons from one to another (from pos. to neg.- creating charge)
Electrodes in electrolyte (either molten or soultion)-electrons are free to move
Pos. ions move to canode
(receive electrons from canode- reduced –> =no charge)
Neg. ions to anode
(take away electrons through anode to battery- oxidised –> =no charge)

43
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A liquid which conducts electricity

44
Q

What is the electrolyte in electrolysis?

A

EITHER

Molten ionic compound

OR

Solution of ionic compound

45
Q

What happens to cations when they are attracted to the canode?

A

Neg. ions jump from canode to cations
Reduction
= no charge

46
Q

What happens to anions when they are attracted to the anode?

A

Extra electrons taken up through anode to battery (–> to canode)
Oxidation
= no charge

47
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a molten ionic compound, which electrode does the metal part go to?

A

Anode

48
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a molten ionic compound, which electrode does the non-metal part go to?

A

Cathode

49
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the cathode if the metal ion is less reactive than hydrogen?

Why?

A

That metal

Because the metal can’t displace hydrogen and be oxidised

(water + metal)

50
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the cathode if the metal ion is more reactive than hydrogen?

Why?

A

Hydrogen gas is formed

Because the metal displaces hydrogen from water and is oxidised
metal oxide + hydrogen

51
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the anode if a halogen is present?

A

That halogen is formed

52
Q

When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the anode if a halogen is not present?

A

Oxygen is formed

53
Q

What are the halides?

A

Chloride
Bromide
Fluoride
Iodide

54
Q

What can electrolysis be used for?

A

Extracting aluminium from bauxite

Metal plating

Impure copper

Electrolysis of brine

55
Q

What is the process of using electrolysis to extract aluminium from bauxite?

A

Graphite electrodes used
(Cathode surrounding w/ steel case, anode inserted from above)
Molten bauxite dissolved w/ cryolite
Aluminium forms at cathode- tapped off
Oxygen forms at anode- reacts w/ graphite = carbon dioxide
–> anode needs to be replaced when carbon has all been reacted w/

56
Q

What is the process of using electrolysis for metal plating?

A 
Object to be plated at cathode
Stick of plating metal at anode
Electrolyte= solution of plating metal
Battery creates a flowing current of electrons from one electrode to another- creates anode and cathode
Pos. metal ions attracted to cathode 
--> coat the object w/ metal ions 
=plated object
57
Q

What is the process of using electrolysis for using up impure copper?

A

Pure copper at cathode
Impure copper at anode
Electrolyte= copper sulphate solution
Battery creates a flow of electrons from one electrode to another - creates anode and cathode
Pos. Cu ions from anode attracted to cathode
Eventually- uses up all Cu ions from anode
= Pure copper w/ higher copper conc. + impurities

58
Q

What is the process of the electrolysis of brine?

A

Electrolysis tank w/ semi-permeable membrane
(ions from cathode to anode but not the other way round)
Battery creates flow of electrons form one electrode to another- creates anode and cathode
Brine (solution of NaCl + H2O) enters tank
H2 evaporates + tapped off
Cl2 evaporates + tapped off (used for disenfector etc.)
NaOH (sodium hydroxide) crosses membrane + tapped off (used in chemical industry)

59
Q

What is the chlorine tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?

A

Disinfectant

60
Q

What is the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?

A

Chemical industry

61
Q

What is the hydrogen tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?

A

Manufacture of hydrochloric acid

Potential for fuel

Chemistry C2 (ACTUAL) (2 decks)

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