C2.1

Question 1

Relative atomic mass

Answer 1

Relative atomic mass, is the mean mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a 12/6 C (carbon -12) atom

Question 2

Periodic table

Answer 2

The periodic table shows the relative atomic masses of the elements. The top number in each box is the Ar for that element’s atoms

Question 3

Chemical formula

Answer 3

A chemical formula tells you how many atoms of each element there are in a unit of a substance

Question 4

Relative formula mass

Answer 4

Relative formula mass, Mr values, are the mean mass of a unit of a substance compared to 1/12 of the mass of a 12/6 C atom. You cannot find Mr values on the periodic table so you have to work them out. You add together the Ar values for all the atoms in the formula for the substance. Ar and Mr values have no units

Question 5

Empirical formula

Answer 5

An empirical formula shows the simplest whole- number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound. The number in some chemical formulae are already the simplest whole numbers they can be. The numbers in other chemical formulae can be simplified using their HCM.

Question 6

Pure

Answer 6

In science a pure substance consists of just one element or compound. This means that mixtures are impure substances since they contain more than one element or compound.

Question 7

Why is it difficult to obtain pure substances?

Answer 7

It is difficult to obtain pure substances. Just one atom or molecule of something else makes a substance impure.

Question 8

Are mixtures useful?

Answer 8

Many useful materials are mixtures of different substances, often deliberately chosen to produce the desired properties.

Question 9

Alloy

Answer 9

An alloy is a mixture of a metal with one or more other elements. Most metals we use are alloys.

Question 10

Melting point

Answer 10

The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes form the solid state to the liquid state. The melting point of a pure substance is a single temperature.

Question 11

Melting point for impure substance

Answer 11

If a substance is impure it’s melting point is less than that of the pure substance. It often melts over a range of temperatures, not just one temperature. The greater the difference between the measured melting point for a substance and its accepted melting point the lower its purity is likely to be.

Question 12

How do you determine a melting point?

Answer 12

You can determine the melting point of a substance by heating it. You can either measure the temperature at which it melts or measure its temperature at regular intervals and plot a graph. You need to heat the substance slowly as it allows the temperature of the whole sample to increase. And you need to stir it as it melts as it ensures that the entire sample is the same temperature. These two action increase the accuracy of the measurement of the melting point of a sample.

Question 13

What happens when a substance dissolves?

Answer 13

A solution forms when one substance dissolves in another. When a substance dissolves its particles separate and become completely mixed with the particles of the solvent.

Question 14

Soluble

Answer 14

If a substance can dissolve in a particular solvent, it is soluble in that particular solvent.

Question 15

Filtration

Answer 15

Filtration separates an insoluble substance in the solid state from substances in the liquid state. It works because filter paper has tiny microscopic holes.

Question 16

Residue and filtrate

Answer 16

Residue- the substance left behind on the filter paper

Filtrate- the small particles of a substance that are able to pass through the filter paper.

Question 17

Crystallisation

Answer 17

If you heat a solution, the solvent evaporates leaving the solute behind. If you heat the solution too strongly, you get a powder but if you allow the solvent to evaporate slowly you get regularly shaped crystals. Crystallisation takes patience because you need to heat the solution gently until it becomes a saturated solution. A solution is saturated when no more solute can be dissolved at that temperature, crystals will start to form at this point so you let the solution cool slowly. As the solution cools the solubility of the solute decreases so more crystals form.

Question 18

Simple distillation

Answer 18

This distillation separates a solvent from a solution. It relies on the solvent having a much lower boiling point than the solute. When the solution is heated the solvent boils but the solute does not. The solvent escapes from the solution in the gas state.

Question 19

Fractional distillation

Answer 19

Separates two or more substances from a mixture in the liquid state. It relies on each substance having a different boiling point and uses a special piece of equipment called a fractioning column.

Question 20

Chromatotaphy

Answer 20

Chromatography relies on two different chemical phases:

-a stationary phase that does not move
- a mobile phase that does move
a separation method that relies on the distribution of a substance between a mobile and secondary phase.

Question 21

Paper chromatography

Answer 21

The stationary phase is absorbent paper and the mobile phase is a solvent in the liquid stat such as water

Question 22

Thin-layer chromatography

Answer 22

Works in the same way as paper chromatography but the stationary phase is a thin layer of silicia or alumina powder spread over a plate of glass or plastic.

Question 23

Rf values

Answer 23

Scientists use Rf values to compare the different spots on a chromatogram. If two spots have the same Rf value and are the same colour, they are likely to be identical.

Question 24

baanced chemical equation

Answer 24

a model for a reaction showing formulae and number of units for all substances involved

Question 25

Boiling point

Answer 25

the temperature at which a substance changes from the liquid state to the gas state.

Question 26

chromatogram

Answer 26

the pattern produced when separating a mixture using chromatography

Question 27

condense

Answer 27

To change from the gas to the liquid state

Question 28

Saturated solution

Answer 28

When no more solute can be dissolved at that temperature

Question 29

Carrier gas

Answer 29

An unreactive gas or inert gas used as the mobile phase in gas chromatography

Question 30

Fraction

Answer 30

In chemistry, substance separated during fractional distillation

Question 31

Vapour

Answer 31

A substance in its gas state and below its boiling point

Question 32

Relative molecular mass

Answer 32

Relative formula mass applied to a molecular substance