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Chemistry C2 > C2.1 > Flashcards

C2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of bonding?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Metallic

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2
Q

Is metallic bonding shedding or sharing electrons?

A

Shedding

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3
Q

What is the process of metallic bonding?

A

Metal atoms shed their outer electrons forming cat-ions
They are held together using the delocalised electrons
-Makes metals strong

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4
Q

Which elements are involved in ionic bonding?

A

Non-metals and metals

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5
Q

What do the elements do in ionic bonding?

A

The non-metals steal from the metals

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6
Q

Are cat-ions positively or negatively charged?

A

Positively

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7
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A

-High melting points
-Can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water
-Cannot conduct electricity when they’re solid
(there is no movement of charge when it’s solid, but when it’s liquid they can move and a charge can pass through)

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8
Q

Why can metals conduct electricity?

A

Electrons move freely

-when a current is passed through they move more, repelled by other negative electrons

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9
Q

What types of elements are involved in Covalent Bonding?

A

Non metal and Non metal

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10
Q

Is covalent bonding about shedding or sharing electrons?

A

Sharing

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11
Q

Explain what happens in Covalent Bonding

A

Covalent Bonding is about sharing electrons to get a full outershell. It occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell.

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12
Q

Why are all metal ions positively charged?

A

They have more protons than electrons because it’s easier for them to lose electrons than gain them, as they don’t have many electrons in their outer shell.

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13
Q

How are ionic compounds organised?

A

They’re organised in neat lattices, with the positive and negative ions recurring next to each other

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14
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • High melting points
  • Can conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water
  • Cannot conduct electricity when they’re solid
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15
Q

Are metals with regimented layers and lines more or less malluable than those who don’t?

A

More

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16
Q

Why do diamonds and graphite have v different properties?

A

Diamond
- Has a pyramidal structure w/ 4 strong covalent bonds (strong & hard)
Poor electrical conductor- doesn’t have delocalised electrons
Used for drill bits- their pyramidal structure makes them strong
Used for jewellery- attractive

Graphite
- Arranged in sheets w/ 3 strong covalent bonds & 1 weak
Means that it’s good for pencils- layers of atoms can be easily separated
Good electrical conductor- has delocalised electrons
Used for mechanical lubrication & pencils- layers easily separated

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17
Q

Do weak inter-molecular forces make it easier or harder to boil?

A

Easier to boil

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18
Q

What is an atom?

A

A particle that cannot be divided further

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19
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only one type of atom

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20
Q

What examples are there of allotropes and giant covalent structures?

A

Diamonds, Graphite and Buckminsterfullerene balls

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21
Q

What is a molecule?

A

2 or more atoms bonded together

22
Q

Describe thermo-softening polymers

A

Only thing holding the polymer chains together is the natural attraction of molecules

  • allows them to separate easily & melt
    (e. g nylon, polystyrene)
23
Q

What are allotropes?

A

Giant molecules made up of one element but arranged in different ways

24
Q

What examples are there of allotropes and giant covalent structures?

A

Diamonds

25
Q

What happens if you change the number of protons in an atom?

A

You change the element

26
Q

What happens if you change the number of electrons in an atom?

A

You have an ion

27
Q

What happens if you change the number of neutrons in an atom?

A

You have an isotope

28
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Versions of the same element with different numbers of neutrons - therefore they have the same atomic number, but a different mass number

29
Q

What are some polymers?

What are their uses?

A

LDPE- plastic bags.

HDPE- Garden furniture

PVA- Glue

Neoprene- Wet suits

PET- Plastic bottles

30
Q

How does more branching in a hydrocarbon affect the bonds?

A

Makes the bonds weaker

31
Q

Compare LDPE and HDPE

A 
LDPE
not strong
low melting & boiling point
lots of branches
not v dense
HDPE
strong
high melting & boiling points
minimal branches
v dense
32
Q

Why are thermo-softening polymers easy to melt?

A

Made of chains of hydrocarbons w/ weak intermolecular bonds

-broken easily when heated- chains move more w/ more energy and break bonds

33
Q

Why are thermo-setting polymers hard to melt?

A

Have strong cross-links between chains of hydrocarbons

-form strong covalent bonds- more energy is needed to separate the chains

34
Q

Describe thermo-softening polymers

A

Only thing holding the polymer chains together is the natural attraction of molecules

35
Q

What is relative atomic mass?

A

The mass of an atom compared to a standard (one twelfth of the mass of carbon-12)

36
Q

What is the Ar of an element?

A

The mass number (how heavy it is)

37
Q

What is the Mr of an element?

A

The relative molecular mass

38
Q

How do you work out the Mr of an element?

A

You add up the Ar’s of all the atoms in the unit

39
Q

What is a mole?

A

An amount of things (like a dozen)

-6.023 x 10²³

40
Q

What are the properties of diamonds?

A
  • Strong/hard wearing
  • Not very reactive
  • reflects light easily
  • Regular structure of a tetrahedral shape with 4 covalent bonds
41
Q

What are the properties of Graphite?

A
  • Made up of sheets of carbon
  • Used for lubricants for bike chains/pencils
  • Hexagonal structure
  • 3 strong covalent bonds
  • 4th bond become delocolised and joins the sheets together
  • Weak forces between sheets allows slipping
  • Can conduct electricity
42
Q

Why is graphite good for pencils?

A

Because the bonds between the layers are much weaker than covalent bonds. This enables the layers to slide across each other, making graphite soft. Therefore, as the pencil moves across the paper, layers of graphite rub off

43
Q

What are the properties of Buckminsterfullerene balls?

A
  • Circular structure

- Used for drug transport for medicine

44
Q

Do small covalent bonds conduct electricity?

A

No because they have no electrons that are free to move as they are all bound together in covalent bonds

45
Q

Describe thermo-setting polymers

A

Held together w/ strong bonds
Cross-linking molecules form strong covalent bonds
-doesn’t soften during heating
- provides thermo-stability

46
Q

What does a mass spectroscopy do?

A

Identifies substances

47
Q

What is the small peak at the end of the graph called?

A

Molecular ion peak

48
Q

What is the use of a molecular ion peak?

A

Shows the Mr of the compound

49
Q

What is the mobile phase of chromatography?

A

The solvent that carries the compound (analogy- water)

50
Q

What is the stationary phase of chromatography?

A

The solid material that the compound binds to

analogy- rocks

51
Q

What is the process of chromatography?

A

Separating a mixture of compounds based on their ability to bind to the stationary phase whilst being carried by the mobile phase

Chemistry C2 (1 decks)

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