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GCSE Chemistry > C2 End > Flashcards

C2 End Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of graphene

A

Resembles single layer of graphene

  • almost transparent
  • extremely strong
  • conducts electricity
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2
Q

Fullerenes

A

Large family of carbon allotropes, molecules shaped like tubes/balls

  • nanotube
  • buckyball
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3
Q

Nanotube

A

sheet of graphene rolled into tube

  • strong
  • used to reinforce some sports equipment
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4
Q

Buckyball

A
  • sheet of graphene closed to make hollow ball
  • used as lubricants, molecules act as tiny ball bearings
  • used to deliver medical drugs directly to cells (small size = pass through cell membranes)
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5
Q

What happens when substances melt/boil

A

Forces of attraction between particles are overcome (some/all bonds between particles break)

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6
Q

Why do some substances have higher melting/boiling points

A

Stronger bonds & more bonds = more energy transferred from surroundings to break them

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7
Q

What happens when chemical bonds form

A

Stored chemical energy transferred to surroundings, usually by heating

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8
Q

What are the state of substances at room temp

A
  • metals: solid
  • ionic compounds: solid
  • giant covalent substances: solid
  • simple molecular substances: liquid/gas/solid
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9
Q

Relative strength of bonds in substances (strong = high boiling point)

A
  • metals: strong
  • ionic compounds: strong
  • giant covalent structure: strong
  • simple molecule: weak
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10
Q

nanoparticle

A

Particle between 1-100nm

Consists of just a few hundred atoms

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11
Q

Objects in order of size (smallest-largest)

A 
Helium atom
Methane molecule 
Nanoparticle
Red blood cell
Human hair
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12
Q

N’a nome très

A

1nm = (1 x 10)-9 m

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13
Q

Nano-particulate

A

Material made from nanoparticles

  • grains
  • lumps
  • sheets
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14
Q

What does the very small size of nanoparticulates mean

& makes them useful for:

A

Have different properties to same substance in bulk

  • new paints
  • new cosmetics
  • medicines
  • sunscreens
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15
Q

What does the very large surface area to volume ratio allow it to be used for

A
  • new catalysts to speed up industrial chemical reactions

- self-cleaning windows, ovens, clothes

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16
Q

How can nanoparticles enter the body

A

May be

  • breathed in
  • absorbed by skin
  • passed into cells
17
Q

Risks with nanoparticles

A
  • are so tiny they can enter body easily
  • take long time to break down once released into environment
  • toxic substances may stick to their large surfaces
  • scientists think may be harmful to health & environment, difficult to predict
18
Q

Brittle substances

A

Cracks/breaks when external force applied

19
Q

Malleable substances

A

Change shape without cracking/breaking when external force applied

20
Q

What does a material being brittle or malleable depend on

A

How easily particles in substance can change their position in the lattice structure

21
Q

Why are metals malleable

A

When large enough external force applied, layers of metal ions slide over one another
as they are held in a lattice by forces that attract them to a sea of delocalised electrons
Overall no bonds are broken as electrons free to move

22
Q

Why are giant covalent structures and ionic compounds brittle

A

Both contain many atoms held together in a giant lattice by strong bonds (covalent/ionic)
If large enough force applied, many bonds break at once & substance breaks

23
Q

Why are some simple/polymer molecules brittle

Iodine crystals, polymers

A

Weak intermolecular forces easily broken

If substances are in solid state & molecules arranged in a lattice

24
Q

Why are some simple/polymer molecules malleable/soft/flexible (wax)

A

If molecules not arranged in lattice

25
Q

When can a substance conduct electricity

A

If it has charged particles that are free to move

26
Q

What state can metals conduct electricity in? Why?

A

In solid/liquid state

Delocalised electrons free to move through lattice

27
Q

Can simple molecules / polymers / substances with giant covalent structure conduct electricity

A

No because no delocalised electrons

28
Q

Can ionic compounds conduct electricity

A

When molten/in solution
Contain oppositely charged ions free to move

Not when solid
Oppositely charged ions not free to move around

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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