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Chemistry > C2: Chemical Resources > Flashcards

C2: Chemical Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The crust and the upper part of the mantle

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2
Q

How can we use seismic waves to understand the structure of the Earth?

A
  • S-waves can travel through the mantle, which shows that it’s solid. S-waves can only travel through solids - P-waves travel faster through the middle of the core, suggesting the inner core is solid - S-waves not detected in outer core’s shadow, suggesting it is liquid
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3
Q

Describe the evidence found that proves the continental drift theory.

A
  • Mid atlantic ridge discovered - Evidence found of magma rising up from sea bed - Creatures with same genetic history found on multiple continents.
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4
Q

Explain how two plates can collide and cause a volcanic eruption.

A

Crust on the ocean floor is denser than the crust beneath the continents. The dense oceanic plate is subducted underneath the less dense continental plate. These regions are generally cooler and therefore more dense so they sink very easily. As the oceanic plate is forced down it melts and the molten rock starts to rise.

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5
Q

What are igneous rocks?

A

They are rocks made when any sort of molten rock cools down and solidifies.

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6
Q

Explain how the rate of cooling affects the crystallisation of igneous rocks.

A

If the molten rock cools over a long period of time, the crystals on the igneous rocks will be larger and more defined - this is because the interlocking crystal structure will have had longer to form. On the other hand, fast cooling molten rock will generally become igneous rock with smaller crystals.

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7
Q

What igneous rock is produced from runny lava from fairly safe eruptions?

A

Iron rich basalt

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8
Q

What igneous rock is produced from thick viscous lava from explosive eruptions?

A

Silica rich rhyolite

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9
Q

Explain the formation of sedimentary rock.

A
  1. Layers of sediment are deposited in lakes or seas 2. Over millions of years these layers are buried under the weight of more layers of material 3. This weight squeezes the water from inside the sedimentary layers 4. Fluids flowing through the pores deposit natural mineral cement.
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10
Q

What is the symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of limestone?

A

CaCO3–>CaO+CO2

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11
Q

Explain the formation of metamorphic rocks.

A
  1. Formed from the action of heat and pressure on other rocks over long periods of time. 2. As long as rocks don’t melt they are considered metamorphic
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12
Q

Give an example of metamorphic rock and explain it’s properties.

A

Marble: - Just another form of calcium carbonate - Heat and pressure break down the limestone and it reforms as small crystals - As a result, the marble is much harder

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13
Q

Name an igneous rock and explain it’s properties.

A

Granite: - Various minerals randomly arranged in a structure of interlocking crystals - As a result granite is very hard

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14
Q

How is glass made?

A

Limestone is heated up with sand (silicone dioxide) and soda (sodium carbonate) until it melts. When the mixture cools, it comes out as glass.

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15
Q

How does clay form?

A

It forms from weathered and decomposed rocks.

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16
Q

How do we make bricks?

A

Bricks are hardened from forms of clay. We put clay under very high temperatures, hardening them - as a result, bricks can withstand lots of weight (great for stacking).

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17
Q

How do we make cement?

A
  • Limestone and clay are heated together - Water slowly reacts with cement making it harden gradually
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18
Q

Why is reinforced concrete stronger than ordinary concrete?

A

Steal rods are inserted into the concrete combining the hardness of the concrete with the strength (tensile strength) and flexibility of steal.

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19
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A combination of two materials.

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20
Q

Explain how electrolysis is used to purify copper.

A
  • An impure positive anode and a pure negative cathode
  • In a solution (the electrolyte) of copper (II) sulfate, containing lots of Cu2+ ions
  • Electrons pulled of from the copper atoms at the anode, leaving positive Cu2+ copper ions in the solution
  • These positive ions are attracted to the negative cathode. They offer their electrons to the cathode, turning the Cu2+ ions back into copper atoms that are then deposited at the cathode.
  • Impurities are dropped at the anode as sludge.
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21
Q

What process happens at the cathode and what is the ionic half equation?

A
  1. Reduction (gain of electrons):

Cu2++2e-–> Cu

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22
Q

What process happens at the anode and what is the ionic half equation?

A

Cu–>Cu2++2e-

23
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of metal and other elements. For example:

  • A metal and metal
  • A metal and a non metal
24
Q

What is steel and what are it’s advantages?

A

Steel is alloy of iron and carbon. This is an advantage because steel is a lot harder than iron and less likely to rust than iron on it’s own.

25
Q

What is solder?

A

An alloy of led and tin.

26
Q

What is amalgam?

A

An alloy of mercury, used in dentistry to fill teeth.

27
Q

What is brass?

A

An alloy of copper and zinc, used in instruments.

28
Q

Describe the features of a specific smart alloy.

A

Nitinol has shape memory. It can be bent and twisted before turning back into it’s original shape.

29
Q

Compare the properties of iron and aluminium.

A
  • Iron is more dense than aluminium
  • Iron is magnetic and aluminium is not
  • Iron corrodes easily and almunium does not
  • Iron and aluminium are both malleable
  • Iron and aluminium are both good conductors
30
Q

What is the word equation for the rusting of iron?

A

iron+water+oxygen–>hydrated iron (III) oxide

31
Q

Why doesn’t aluminium corrode when wet?

A

Aluminium does not corrode when wet because it’s much more reactive than iron, meaning it reacts quickly with oxygen in the air to form aluminium oxide. This aluminium oxide works are a protective layer and sticks to the material, restricting rusting reaction occuring.

32
Q

What factors afect the rate of rusting?

A

Salt water or acid rain

33
Q

Describe advantages and disadvantages of using alumium rather than steel to manufacture a car.

A

Advantages:

  • Car body of same size will be lighter with aluminium
  • Car body with aluminium will corode less

Disadvantages:

  • Aluminium is more expensive
34
Q

Describe and advantage and a disadvantage of recycling materials used to mark cars.

A

Advantage: helps save natural limited resources

Disadvantage: non metal materials need to be separated before they can be recycled. This costs money.

35
Q

What is the word equation for neutralisation?

A

acid+base–>salt+water

36
Q

What is the ionic half equation for neutralisation?

A

H++OH-↔H2O

37
Q

Why do all metal oxides and hydro oxides react with water?

A

They are bases so, when dissolved in water, are alkalis therefore, they react with acids to form a salt and water.

38
Q

What is the symbol equation for the neutralisation reaction between hydrochloric acid and copper oxide?

A

HCl+CuO–>CuCl2+H2O

39
Q

What is the symbol equation for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide?

A

HNO3+NaOH–>NaNO3+H2O

40
Q

What is the symbol equation for the neutralisation reaction between sulfuric acid and calcium carbonate?

A

H2SO4+CaCO3–>H2O+CO2+CaSO4

41
Q

What is the symbol equation for the neutralisation reaction between nitric acid and ammonia?

A

HNO3+NH3–>NH4O3

42
Q

What is the general word equation for the reaction between an acid and ammonia?

A

acid+ammonia–>ammonium salt

43
Q

Why do fertilisers need to be dissolved in water?

A

So they can be absorbed by the plant’s roots

44
Q

How do fertilisers increase crop yield?

A
  • Replaces elements needed by the plant that have been used up by previous crop
  • More nitrogen available which means that plants can build more proteins and therefore grow larger
45
Q

Explain the process of eutrophication.

A
  • Leaching/ run off of fertilisers into streams
  • Increased nitrate or phosphate in river
  • Algae bloom as they have more nitrogren so they can grow/reproduce more
  • Growth of algae blocks off sunlight to plants under water
  • Aerobic bacteria reproduce rapidly as they feed on dying plants. The growing population of aerobic bacteria means that oxygen is used up in the water.
  • As a result, other living organisms start dying.
46
Q

How can you prepare ammonium nitrate in the lab?

A

Solution of ammonium and an indicator are kept in a flask. Above the flask is a burette containing a nitric acid solution.

47
Q

What is they symbol equation for the Haber Process?

A

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

48
Q

How does pressure affect the percentage yield of the Haber Process?

A

Pressure favours the forward reaction, so, the higher the pressure, the greater the percentage yield.

49
Q

How does temperature affect the percentage yield of the Haber process?

A

Temperature favours the reverse reaction, so the higher the temperature, the smaller the percentage yield.

50
Q

What is the optimum temperature used in the Haber Process? Why is it that temperature is the optimum?

A

450 degrees C:

  • Fast rate of reaction
  • Reasonable percentage yield
  • A compromise
51
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process? How does this affect the reaction?

A

Iron catalyst:

  • Speeds up rate of reaction
  • Therefore, temperature does not have to be raised as high (which is good, as higher temperature decreases perecentage yield)
52
Q

How is solution mining used to extract salt?

A

Hot water is pumped under ground, dissolving the salt. The salt solution is then forced to the surface via the pressure of the water.

53
Q

Describe the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride solution).

A

The sodium chloride solution contains four different ions, Na+, OH-, Cl-, and H+. At the cathode, H+ ions gain electrons to produce hydrogen gas. At the anode, Cl- ions lose electrons to form chlorine gas.

Chemistry (6 decks)

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