C2: cell orginisation

Question 1

What is a TISSUE?

Answer 1

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

Question 2

What are ORGANS?

Answer 2

A group of tissues working together for a specific function.

Question 3

What are ORGAN SYSTEMS ?

Answer 3

A group of organs that work together to from organisms

Question 4

What is the main function of the digestive system?
(what does it involve)

Answer 4

To digest food and absorb nutrients obtained from digestion

(Involves break down of large insoluble substances into smaller soluble substances that can be absorbed into the blood across the wall of the small intestine.)

Question 5

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

Answer 5

• produce/release digestive juices containing enzymes to break down food.

Question 6

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

Answer 6

-Produces HYDROCHLORIC ACID
which kills any bacteria present

-Provides OPTIMUM pH for the protease enzyme to function.

Question 7

What is a catalyst ?

Answer 7

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction .

NOT USED UP IN A REACTION!

Question 8

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

Answer 8

They act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

Question 9

What is BILE and what does it do?

Answer 9

A fluid that is made/released in the LIVER

FUNCTION:

Neutralises acid added to food in stomach for alkaline conditions
Emulsifies fats - breaks large drops of fats into smaller droplets
- increase SURFACE AREA of fats for lipase to act upon
- speeds up breakdown of fats

Question 10

What is metabolism ?

Answer 10

The sum of all the reactions in the cell or body .

Enzymes control metabolism .

Question 11

CARBOHYDRASE
- what does it break down
-where is enzyme produced
-what is the product

Answer 11

ENZYME : carbohydrase
PRODUCED : salivary glands /pancreas/small intestine
ACTS IN: mouth/ small intestine
PRODUCT : simple sugars

Question 11

PROTEINS
- what does it break down
-where is enzyme produced
-what is the product

Answer 11

ENZYME : Proteases
PRODUCED : stomach/ pancreas/small intestine
ACTS IN : stomach/small intestine
PRODUCT : amino acids

Question 12

LIPIDS
- what does it break down
-where is enzyme produced
-what is the product

Answer 12

ENZYME : lipase
PRODUCED : pancreas/small intestine
ACTS IN : small intestine
PRODUCT: glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 12

PROTEIN
- what does it break down
-where is enzyme produced
-what is the product

Answer 12

ENZYME : Proteases
PRODUCED : stomach/ pancreas/small intestine
ACTS IN : stomach/small intestine
PRODUCT : amino acids

Question 13

What is the lock and key theory?

Answer 13

The shape of an enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so they can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

Question 13

LIPIDS
- what does it break down
-where is enzyme produced
-what is the product

Answer 13

ENZYME : lipase
PRODUCED : pancreas/small intestine
ACTS IN : small intestine
PRODUCT: 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Question 14

What is the lock and key theory?

Answer 14

The shape of an enzyme is complementary to the substrate, so they can bind together and from an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 15

How does temperature effect enzyme action ?

Answer 15

-after optimum temperature the shape of the active site is altered
-substrate cant fit in active site
-enzyme is DENATURED

Question 16

How does pH effect enzyme action ?

Answer 16

change in pH affects forces between parts of protein that hold the protein/active site in shape

-the active site will change shape if pH changes
-enzyme cannot be used as a catalyst anymore

Question 17

How are the products of digestion used?

Answer 17

Used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins.
Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration

Question 18

HOW DO YOU TEST FOR : sugars, carbs, proteins, lipids
(BIBE)
How do you tell if the compound is present?

Answer 18

Glucose : BENEDICT’S TEST FOR SUGARS (blue-> brick red/brown )

Carbohydrates : IODINE TEST FOR STARCH (yellow/red -> blue/black)

Proteins : BIURET TEST ( blue -> purple)

Lipids : ETHANOL TEST ( cloudy white layer)