C2

Question 1

The intermolecular forces in simple covalent compounds are . . .

Answer 1

weak

Question 2

Graphite can conduct electricity because . . .

Answer 2

there are delocalised electrons between the layers

Question 3

The atoms in metals are closely packed and arranged in . . .

Answer 3

layers

Question 4

Ionic compounds are conductors when molten, or in solution, because . . .

Answer 4

the ions are free to move around

Question 5

Graphite is a good lubricant because . . .

Answer 5

it has layers that can easily slide over each other

Question 6

Thermosetting polymers will . . .

Answer 6

not soften when heated, but will eventually char

Question 7

Simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points because . . .

Answer 7

it doesn’t take much energy to break the weak intermolecular forces

Question 8

A polymer is . . .

Answer 8

lots of smaller monomers joined together into a long chain

Question 9

Layers in giant metallic structures can slide over each other making the metal . . .

Answer 9

malleable and ductile

Question 10

Atoms share pairs of electrons in . . .

Answer 10

covalent bonds

Question 11

Atoms react in order to gain a . . .

Answer 11

stable electron structure (full outer shell)

Question 12

Simple covalent compounds are electrical insulators because . . .

Answer 12

they have no charge

Question 13

Ionic solids are electrical insulators because . . .

Answer 13

the ions are fixed in place

Question 14

Ionic bonding occurs between . . .

Answer 14

metals and non-metals

Question 15

Nanoscience is the study of . . .

Answer 15

very small particles (between 1 and 100 nanometres)

Question 16

Simple covalent compounds have low . . .

Answer 16

melting points and boiling points

Question 17

These are held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged particles

Answer 17

ionic compounds

Question 18

Thermosoftening polymers will . . .

Answer 18

soften when heated and set again when cooled

Question 19

The melting and boiling points of giant covalent substances are . . .

Answer 19

high

Question 20

Ionic compounds have high melting points because . . .

Answer 20

it takes a lot of energy to break the many strong ionic bonds

Question 21

Ionic compounds are conductors when . . .

Answer 21

Molten or in solution

Question 22

List 3 ways (in terms of electrons) that elements can react together to form compounds

Answer 22

gain, lose or share

Question 23

A giant ionic lattice is held together by . . .

Answer 23

many strong ionic bonds

Question 24

Diamond is very strong because . . .

Answer 24

there are lots of strong covalent bonds between its atoms meaning that they can’t slide over each other

Question 25

Thermosetting polymers have lots of . . . . between the chains

Answer 25

strong cross-links

Question 26

Most covalent compounds have . . .

Answer 26

simple molecular structures

Question 27

The charges in an ionic compound always . . .

Answer 27

cancel each other out

Question 28

The 3 forms of carbon are called . . .

Answer 28

diamond, graphite and fullerenes

Question 29

In metallic bonding, positively charged metal ions are held together by . . .

Answer 29

a sea of (delocalised) electrons

Question 30

The intermolecular forces in simple covalent compounds are . . .

Answer 30

weak

Question 31

The yield of a reaction is . . .

Answer 31

how much product is made

Question 32

In a reversible reaction the products can . . .

Answer 32

react to make the original reactants

Question 33

The law of conservation of mass says . . .

Answer 33

we end up with the same total mass of atoms in the products as we started with in the reactants

Question 34

The relative mass of protons and neutrons is . . .

Answer 34

1

Question 35

The % composition of an element in a compound is found by . . .

Answer 35

dividing the total mass of the element in the compound by the relative formula mass

Question 36

The number of protons in an atom is equal to . . .

Answer 36

the number of electrons (or the atomic number)

Question 37

(H) We work out the mass ratio of reactants and products in a reaction using the . . .

Answer 37

balanced symbol equation

Question 38

2 disadvantages of modern instrumental analytical techniques are . . .

Answer 38

they're expensive and require special training to use them

Question 39

Compounds can be identified using . . .

Answer 39

a mass spectrometer

Question 40

3 advantages of modern instrumental analytical techniques are . .

Answer 40

they're fast, sensitive and accurate

Question 41

3 factors affecting the yield of a reaction are . . .

Answer 41

product being left behind in the apparatus, difficulty seperating the product from the mixture, incomplete reactions

Question 42

Mixtures in gas chromatography separate because . . .

Answer 42

each component takes a different amount of time to pass through the column

Question 43

(H) The % yield of a reaction is calculated by . . .

Answer 43

dividing the actual yield by the maximum possible yield

Question 44

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called . . .

Answer 44

isotopes

Question 45

Paper chromatography can be used to . . .

Answer 45

find how many components are in a mixture

Question 46

1 mole of any substance has a mass equal to . . .

Answer 46

the relative formula mass in grams

Question 47

How can you find the molecular mass of ion from a mass spectrometer

Answer 47

the molecular ion peak in a mass spectrum

Question 48

activation energy

Answer 48

The minimum amount of energy that particles must have in order to react

Question 49

When the concentration of a reactant solution is increased, the rate . . .

Answer 49

increases

Question 50

In a reversible reaction the amount of energy absorbed in the forward reaction is . . .

Answer 50

the same as the amount released in the reverse reaction

Question 51

A reaction that transfers energy to its surroundings is called . . .

Answer 51

exothermic

Question 52

We can work out the rate of reaction from a rates graph by . .

Answer 52

measuring the gradient of the line at any given time

Question 53

A reaction that takes energy from its surroundings is called . . .

Answer 53

endothermic

Question 54

At a higher temperature collisions are . . .

Answer 54

more frequent AND harder

Question 55

The surface area of a solid reactant can be increased by . . .

Answer 55

grinding it up (turning it into a powder)

Question 56

If the surface are of a solid reactant increases the rate of reaction . . .

Answer 56

increases

Question 57

As the reaction temperature increases the rate of reaction . . .

Answer 57

increases

Question 58

Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant increases the rate because . . .

Answer 58

the frequency of collisions increases

Question 59

In reversible reactions, if the forward reaction is endothermic the reverse reaction will be . . .

Answer 59

exothermic

Question 60

Endothermic reactions can be used in. . .

Answer 60

cold packs for sports injuries

Question 61

A catalyst is a substance that . . .

Answer 61

speeds up a chemicla reaction without being used up

Question 62

2 ways that exothermic reactions can be used are . . .

Answer 62

hand warmers, self heating cans

Question 63

2 ways to find the rate of reaction are . . .

Answer 63

measure the amount of reactants used up over time, or measure the amount of products formed over time

Question 64

Increasing the temperature gives the reactant particles . . .

Answer 64

more energy

Question 65

The Collision Theory states . . .

Answer 65

Particles must collide with a certain amount of energy before they can react

Question 66

Increasing the concentration makes the collisions . . .

Answer 66

more frequent

Question 67

3 things that sodium hydroxide from the electrolysis of brine is used to make are . .

Answer 67

bleach, paper and soap

Question 68

Acid + base =

Answer 68

a salt + water

Question 69

Negative ions are . . . . . At the electrodes

Answer 69

oxidised

Question 70

This method breaks down a substance using electricity

Answer 70

electrolysis

Question 71

An alkali is a . . .

Answer 71

soluble base

Question 72

We measure how acidic or alkaline a substance is by measuring its . .

Answer 72

pH

Question 73

An insoluble precipitate can be collected by . . .

Answer 73

filtration

Question 74

Reduction is . . .

Answer 74

gaining electrons

Question 75

Chlorine from the electrolysis of brine can be used to make . .

Answer 75

bleach and new plastics

Question 76

soluble salts can be crystallised out of solution by . . .

Answer 76

evaporating the solvent

Question 77

The negative electrode is called the . . .

Answer 77

cathode

Question 78

acid + metal =

Answer 78

a salt + hydrogen

Question 79

All acids produce this ion in water

Answer 79

H+

Question 80

An indicator is a substance that . . .

Answer 80

changes colour at different pH values

Question 81

Negative ions are called

Answer 81

anions

Question 82

Positive ions in electrolysis move towards the . . .

Answer 82

cathode

Question 83

Positive ions are called

Answer 83

cations

Question 84

The metal to be used to electroplate an object is made into the . . . . electrode

Answer 84

positive

Question 85

A base is a substance that will . . .

Answer 85

neutralise an acid

Question 86

The object to be elctroplated is made into the . . . . . electrode

Answer 86

negative

Question 87

The positiveelectrodes in aluminium extraction must be replaced periodically because . . .

Answer 87

They are made of carbon and burn away when the oxygen is produced in electrolysis

Question 88

3 advantages of electroplating are . .

Answer 88

it improves the appearance of objects, it protects objects from corrosion and it uses smaller amounts of precious metals

Question 89

The 3 products obtained in the electrolysis of brine are . . .

Answer 89

chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution

Question 90

Oxidation is . . .

Answer 90

loss of electrons

Question 91

Negative ions in electrolysis move towards the . . .

Answer 91

anode (positive electrode)

Question 92

Positive ions are . . . . At the electrodes

Answer 92

reduced

Question 93

Alkalis produce this ion in water

Answer 93

-OH

Question 94

acid + metal oxide ->

Answer 94

salt + hydroxide

Question 95

acid + metal hydroxide ->

Answer 95

salt + water

Question 96

acid + metal carbonate ->

Answer 96

salt + hydrogen + carbon dioxide

Question 97

What might you see after a reaction?

Answer 97

- bubbling - dissapearing solids - heat/cooling - change in pH

Question 98

Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals

Answer 98

because atoms in alloy are different sizes so layers distorted and layers don’t slide or slide less easily

Question 99

Describe the structure and bonding in diamond

Answer 99

giant structure with strong covalent bonds | each carbon makes atom forms 4 bonds

Question 100

Describe the structure and bonding in a thermosoftening polymer

Answer 100

chains or large molecules with intermolecular forces between chains that are weak

Question 101

explain why thermosoftening polymers melt when heated.

Answer 101

with intermolecular forces between chains | that are weak and are easily overcome/ broken when heated