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Chemistry Cards > C2 > Flashcards

C2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The intermolecular forces in simple covalent compounds are . . .

A

weak

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2
Q

Graphite can conduct electricity because . . .

A

there are delocalised electrons between the layers

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3
Q

The atoms in metals are closely packed and arranged in . . .

A

layers

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4
Q

Ionic compounds are conductors when molten, or in solution, because . . .

A

the ions are free to move around

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5
Q

Graphite is a good lubricant because . . .

A

it has layers that can easily slide over each other

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6
Q

Thermosetting polymers will . . .

A

not soften when heated, but will eventually char

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7
Q

Simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points because . . .

A

it doesn’t take much energy to break the weak intermolecular forces

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8
Q

A polymer is . . .

A

lots of smaller monomers joined together into a long chain

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9
Q

Layers in giant metallic structures can slide over each other making the metal . . .

A

malleable and ductile

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10
Q

Atoms share pairs of electrons in . . .

A

covalent bonds

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11
Q

Atoms react in order to gain a . . .

A

stable electron structure (full outer shell)

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12
Q

Simple covalent compounds are electrical insulators because . . .

A

they have no charge

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13
Q

Ionic solids are electrical insulators because . . .

A

the ions are fixed in place

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14
Q

Ionic bonding occurs between . . .

A

metals and non-metals

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15
Q

Nanoscience is the study of . . .

A

very small particles (between 1 and 100 nanometres)

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16
Q

Simple covalent compounds have low . . .

A

melting points and boiling points

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17
Q

These are held together by strong forces of attraction between oppositely charged particles

A

ionic compounds

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18
Q

Thermosoftening polymers will . . .

A

soften when heated and set again when cooled

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19
Q

The melting and boiling points of giant covalent substances are . . .

A

high

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20
Q

Ionic compounds have high melting points because . . .

A

it takes a lot of energy to break the many strong ionic bonds

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21
Q

Ionic compounds are conductors when . . .

A

Molten or in solution

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22
Q

List 3 ways (in terms of electrons) that elements can react together to form compounds

A

gain, lose or share

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23
Q

A giant ionic lattice is held together by . . .

A

many strong ionic bonds

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24
Q

Diamond is very strong because . . .

A

there are lots of strong covalent bonds between its atoms meaning that they can’t slide over each other

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25
Q

Thermosetting polymers have lots of . . . . between the chains

A

strong cross-links

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26
Q

Most covalent compounds have . . .

A

simple molecular structures

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27
Q

The charges in an ionic compound always . . .

A

cancel each other out

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28
Q

The 3 forms of carbon are called . . .

A

diamond, graphite and fullerenes

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29
Q

In metallic bonding, positively charged metal ions are held together by . . .

A

a sea of (delocalised) electrons

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30
Q

The intermolecular forces in simple covalent compounds are . . .

A

weak

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31
Q

The yield of a reaction is . . .

A

how much product is made

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32
Q

In a reversible reaction the products can . . .

A

react to make the original reactants

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33
Q

The law of conservation of mass says . . .

A

we end up with the same total mass of atoms in the products as we started with in the reactants

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34
Q

The relative mass of protons and neutrons is . . .

A

1

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35
Q

The % composition of an element in a compound is found by . . .

A

dividing the total mass of the element in the compound by the relative formula mass

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36
Q

The number of protons in an atom is equal to . . .

A

the number of electrons (or the atomic number)

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37
Q

(H) We work out the mass ratio of reactants and products in a reaction using the . . .

A

balanced symbol equation

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38
Q

2 disadvantages of modern instrumental analytical techniques are . . .

A

they’re expensive and require special training to use them

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39
Q

Compounds can be identified using . . .

A

a mass spectrometer

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40
Q

3 advantages of modern instrumental analytical techniques are . .

A

they’re fast, sensitive and accurate

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41
Q

3 factors affecting the yield of a reaction are . . .

A

product being left behind in the apparatus, difficulty seperating the product from the mixture, incomplete reactions

42
Q

Mixtures in gas chromatography separate because . . .

A

each component takes a different amount of time to pass through the column

43
Q

(H) The % yield of a reaction is calculated by . . .

A

dividing the actual yield by the maximum possible yield

44
Q

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called . . .

A

isotopes

45
Q

Paper chromatography can be used to . . .

A

find how many components are in a mixture

46
Q

1 mole of any substance has a mass equal to . . .

A

the relative formula mass in grams

47
Q

How can you find the molecular mass of ion from a mass spectrometer

A

the molecular ion peak in a mass spectrum

48
Q

activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy that particles must have in order to react

49
Q

When the concentration of a reactant solution is increased, the rate . . .

A

increases

50
Q

In a reversible reaction the amount of energy absorbed in the forward reaction is . . .

A

the same as the amount released in the reverse reaction

51
Q

A reaction that transfers energy to its surroundings is called . . .

A

exothermic

52
Q

We can work out the rate of reaction from a rates graph by . .

A

measuring the gradient of the line at any given time

53
Q

A reaction that takes energy from its surroundings is called . . .

A

endothermic

54
Q

At a higher temperature collisions are . . .

A

more frequent AND harder

55
Q

The surface area of a solid reactant can be increased by . . .

A

grinding it up (turning it into a powder)

56
Q

If the surface are of a solid reactant increases the rate of reaction . . .

A

increases

57
Q

As the reaction temperature increases the rate of reaction . . .

A

increases

58
Q

Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant increases the rate because . . .

A

the frequency of collisions increases

59
Q

In reversible reactions, if the forward reaction is endothermic the reverse reaction will be . . .

A

exothermic

60
Q

Endothermic reactions can be used in. . .

A

cold packs for sports injuries

61
Q

A catalyst is a substance that . . .

A

speeds up a chemicla reaction without being used up

62
Q

2 ways that exothermic reactions can be used are . . .

A

hand warmers, self heating cans

63
Q

2 ways to find the rate of reaction are . . .

A

measure the amount of reactants used up over time, or measure the amount of products formed over time

64
Q

Increasing the temperature gives the reactant particles . . .

A

more energy

65
Q

The Collision Theory states . . .

A

Particles must collide with a certain amount of energy before they can react

66
Q

Increasing the concentration makes the collisions . . .

A

more frequent

67
Q

3 things that sodium hydroxide from the electrolysis of brine is used to make are . .

A

bleach, paper and soap

68
Q

Acid + base =

A

a salt + water

69
Q

Negative ions are . . . . . At the electrodes

A

oxidised

70
Q

This method breaks down a substance using electricity

A

electrolysis

71
Q

An alkali is a . . .

A

soluble base

72
Q

We measure how acidic or alkaline a substance is by measuring its . .

A

pH

73
Q

An insoluble precipitate can be collected by . . .

A

filtration

74
Q

Reduction is . . .

A

gaining electrons

75
Q

Chlorine from the electrolysis of brine can be used to make . .

A

bleach and new plastics

76
Q

soluble salts can be crystallised out of solution by . . .

A

evaporating the solvent

77
Q

The negative electrode is called the . . .

A

cathode

78
Q

acid + metal =

A

a salt + hydrogen

79
Q

All acids produce this ion in water

A

H+

80
Q

An indicator is a substance that . . .

A

changes colour at different pH values

81
Q

Negative ions are called

A

anions

82
Q

Positive ions in electrolysis move towards the . . .

A

cathode

83
Q

Positive ions are called

A

cations

84
Q

The metal to be used to electroplate an object is made into the . . . . electrode

A

positive

85
Q

A base is a substance that will . . .

A

neutralise an acid

86
Q

The object to be elctroplated is made into the . . . . . electrode

A

negative

87
Q

The positiveelectrodes in aluminium extraction must be replaced periodically because . . .

A

They are made of carbon and burn away when the oxygen is produced in electrolysis

88
Q

3 advantages of electroplating are . .

A

it improves the appearance of objects, it protects objects from corrosion and it uses smaller amounts of precious metals

89
Q

The 3 products obtained in the electrolysis of brine are . . .

A

chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide solution

90
Q

Oxidation is . . .

A

loss of electrons

91
Q

Negative ions in electrolysis move towards the . . .

A

anode (positive electrode)

92
Q

Positive ions are . . . . At the electrodes

A

reduced

93
Q

Alkalis produce this ion in water

A

-OH

94
Q

acid + metal oxide ->

A

salt + hydroxide

95
Q

acid + metal hydroxide ->

A

salt + water

96
Q

acid + metal carbonate ->

A

salt + hydrogen + carbon dioxide

97
Q

What might you see after a reaction?

A
  • bubbling
  • dissapearing solids
  • heat/cooling
  • change in pH
98
Q

Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals

A

because atoms in alloy are different sizes so layers distorted and layers don’t slide or slide less
easily

99
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in diamond

A

giant structure with strong covalent bonds

each carbon makes atom forms 4 bonds

100
Q

Describe the structure and bonding in a thermosoftening polymer

A

chains or large molecules with intermolecular forces between chains that are weak

101
Q

explain why thermosoftening polymers melt when heated.

A

with intermolecular forces between chains

that are weak and are easily overcome/ broken when heated

Chemistry Cards (4 decks)

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