C1700-c1900: Warfare And British Society In The 18th And 19th Centuries Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Continuity and change in composition of army
A

c1700-1850: continuity
- permanent standing army of 50,000
- decline of cavalry, only 20%
- artillery formed 5%
c1850-1900: change
- growth of british empire meant there was an army of around 250,000
- government more involved in organising army size, finances which both rose dramatically

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2
Q
  1. Specialisation and professionalisation
A

c1700
- soldiers pressed into service
- marched lr rode in bright uniform
- infantry armed with muskets and bayonets
- support came in from immobile cannons
c1900
- command structures more defined with effective leadership structures
- wore camoflauged brown or grey uniforms
- transported to battle in steamships or trains
- new weapons such as machine gun and rifles led to specialised roles

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3
Q
  1. Continuity on the battlefield
A

Roles
- cavalry still important for harrassing enemy despite new weapons left them vulnerable
- infantry still the decisive factor in battlle, used the ‘brown bess’ musket from 1715 to 1850
Tactics
- cavalry: officers determined to keep traditional cavalry forces, showing importance of social attitudes
- infantry: still fought in lines columns and squares, often overwhelmed by firepower, generals refused to accept changing situationa dn relied on old tactics

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4
Q
  1. The use of rifles and bullets
A
  • Rifles: invented in 1600, developed in 1850 which made them more effective and practical
  • minie bullets: small bullets invented in 1847, they expanded within barrel, made loading easier
  • conical bullets: more aerodynamic, increased range of rifles
  • percussion bullets: made loading easier amd rifles more reliable
  • breech-loading: made reloading 4x quicker then muskets
  • magazines: allowed several bullets to be loaded at once
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5
Q
  1. Field guns and heavy artillery
A

Development in tech and industry led to improvements in artillery
- Field guns
- by 1890 field guns were designed so they recoiled made firing quicker and easier
- this was down to experiments with bronze making cannons lighter
- Heavy artillery
- steel cannon were stronger then bronze
- cannon with rifled barrels could shoot up to 5km
- from 1890’ smokeless powder stopped smoke affecting aim or revealing positions

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6
Q
  1. Changes in weaponary impact on tactics and formation
A
  • Impact on tactics and formation
  • At battle of waterloo, 1815, british infantry formed squares to repel enemy
  • by 1853-56 (crimean war) the musket had been replaced by percussion rifles with its increases range and accuracy meaning a new defence was needed
  • Development in trench warfare
    • in crimean war systems of trenches gave protection againgst enemy fire. Troops and supplies could move near front line without being exposed.
    • defending forces chose trenches over mobility, power of defensive fire was better then attacking force.
  • Machine guns
    • could fire 150 bullets a minute, were introduced by british army but were commonly used after 1900’s
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7
Q
  1. Factors affecting change
A

-spiralling change: when one country improved weaponary others would try to do better
-social attitudes: conservatism, fear and cost
-industrialisation: improvements in science, tech snd industry

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8
Q
  1. What were the main developments in industrialisation that impacted warfare?
A
  • Steam trains : enabled armies to operate furthur from home, enabled troops to move 15x faster
    Supplies could be moved at 20mph rather then 10 a day.
  • Steamships : sailed 2x as fast as sailing ships, were used in the crimean war and took less then 3 weeksnto ship men and supplies to crimea.
  • Science : development of the fultimate of mercury provided explsoive that led to percussion bullets and invention of nitroglycerine led to development of smokeless powder
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9
Q
  1. Improved communication, benefits and when?
A

In 1854, British miltary built and operated the first field telegraph, 24 mile network connected 8 telegraph stations across crimean battlefield

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10
Q
  1. How did mass production affect warfare
A
  • The mass production of iron and steel made it cheap. This enabled the government to equip the whole army with reliable weapons at a fraction of the cost
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11
Q
  1. What were the changes in recruitment amd changes?
A
  • in the 1700’s it was difficult to recruit because there was little pay, high ranks only given to nobility

Methods of recruitment
- colonels recruitment: officers paid to set up and equip new regiments, created as cheaply as possible to make a profit
- 1857 militia act: overhaul of assize of arms men 18-50 had to serve 5 years in local militia

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12
Q

What did Gladstone and cardwell do?

A

In 1868, Gladstones government argued for army reform, he appointed Cardwell as secretaryy state for war who made reforms

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13
Q

Cardwells 1870 army act

A
  • he professionalised the army ensuring a constant suplly of trained soldiers
  • soliders enlisted for 12 years, 6 active 6 in reserves, reserves weee paid a daily rate amd retrained each year
  • after 12 years soldiers could resign or sign up for another 12 + a pension
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14
Q

Cardwells 1871 regularisation of the forces act

A
  • reorganised regiments into regions with local barracks for accommodation
    • every regiment had 2 linked battalions one serving home, one abroad
    • each regiments third battalion was made up of local militia
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15
Q

How did training improve after the 1850’s?

A
  • by 1860 more officers came into the army via the royal military college
  • artillery and engineering officers trained at ‘woolwich royal military academy’ from 1741
  • promotion depended on merit alone
  • military schools opened at ‘Hythe’ 1853 and ‘shoeburyness’ 1859 to train weapon instructers
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16
Q

How was requisitioning and taxation vital for warfare

A
  • in 1770 the army relied upon requisitioning wagons and animals from civs for transportation.
  • the cost of the army rose from 1 million in 1700 to 8 million in mid 18th century.
  • in wartime, taxes eose considersble so wars could be funded
17
Q

Impact pf newspaper reporting

A
  • In 1815 the times sold 5000 copies a day and in 1840 they sold 40,000 a day.
  • William howard ruseel of the times sent reporters from london to crimea.
  • Newspapers sent 300 journalists to boer war and as a result the public received more info then ever about war which led to a big demand in newspapers, led to refonstructions of war in form of movies, so people who couldn’t resd dould follow the news
18
Q

What was the public attitude

A
  • the press inspired public to contribute donating time or equipment
  • public criticism of crimean war led to the government resigning
  • concerns over quality of recruits for boer war led to calls for change
  • the times fund for sick and wonded raised 3 million, about 3 million today
19
Q

Impact of war photogrophy

A
  • Photographs from crimesn war brought war to life. It showed first hand conditions soldiers encountered while serving their country which impavted public opiniom
20
Q

Developments in requisitioning 1850+

A

Requisitioning was unpopular amd impracticak away from britain in distant lands
- in 1855 the land transport corps was created to provide transport for army
- in 1888 the army service corps took on provision and transport of military supplies sith specially trained recruits

21
Q

Battle of waterloo 1815

A

British commander duke of wellington inflicts Napolean bonapartes final defeat, 67,000 british troops, 70,000 french

22
Q

Battle of waterloo - choice and use of battlefield

A

-Wellington chose a good defensive position as battlefield was good for defence, 3 miles across
-Deployed his men behind a ridge to reduce damage done by enemy artillery
-He set up 2 positions on flanks of ridge to interrupt french attack
- concealed field artillery in village of papelotte on one flank

23
Q

Battle of waterloo - the tactics and battle

A
  • Napolean attacked with infantry columns cavalry charges and heavy artilley, columns 200 men wide and could push through lines but lacked firepower
  • Wellington used 20 infantry squares, 60m across with muskets and bayonets to hold the french cavalry
  • Wellington then sent in the cavalry amd infantry in lines, firing devestating volleys
24
Q

Battle of waterloo - The duke of wellington

A

-prepared to defend his position as he needed to wait for prussian army
-used squares for defence with cannon on the corners and infantry firing into rotation
-switched from defence to attack just in time and led his troops into fighting.

25
Q

Battle of waterloo - Napolean boneparte

A
  • he was suffering with piles so couldn’t assess battlefield
  • used 33k men to slow down prussians which left them exhausted
  • delayed start of battle as he thought batlefield was too muddy for battle
  • unsuccessful attcak on hougoumony used a quarter of his infantry
  • late afternoon launched another attack when he could’ve withdrawn
26
Q

The battle of balaclava - 1854

A

Russian attack on a british-held pott in crimea. British fought of russians but needlessly launched a cost,y cavalry charge

27
Q

Battle of balaclava - tactics, weapons and supplies

A

-the 93rd highlanders under Sir colin campbell using minie rifles held a defensive position againgst an attacking russian cavalry
- Soldiers in two-deep lines in red tunics formed a ‘thin red streak tipped with steal’ outnumbered 4:1
- their devestatinh volleys drove of the cavalry, the heavy brigade then moved in and defeated a large force of russian cavalry
- use of old methods like cavalry charge led to a lot of deaths

28
Q

Battle of balaclava - charge of the light brigade

A
  • poor communication led to Lucan thinking he had to attack russian cannons.
  • 673 men fought and 113 were killed with 134 wounded
29
Q

Battle of balaclava - Lord raglan

A
  • he knew about build up of russian forces but didn’t reinforce defence
  • faced criticism in british press for shortsge of clothes and supplies
  • delayed attack on sebastepool giving enemy time to build up their defence