C16 - warm-up

Question 1

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 1

Regulation and intercellular communication (by electrical and chemical signals)

Question 2

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Homeostasis and metabolism. Also digestive processes. Growth/development/reproduction. Environmental challenges/stress.

Question 3

What is the endocrine system’s mechanism of action?

Answer 3

Control: enzymatic reactions, transport, gene expression

Question 4

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Mediator molecule/site of action

Answer 4

N - Neurotransmitter/synapse,

E - Hormones/All cells with a specific receptor

Question 5

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Types of target cells

Answer 5

N - Other neurons, muscle, glands

E - All cells

Question 6

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Types of action

Answer 6

N - Graded + Action potentials, contraction, secretion

E - Homeostasis/metabolism

Question 7

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Range of effect

Answer 7

N - Localized,

E - Generalized

Question 8

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Time to onset/Duration of action

Answer 8

N - ms/short,

E - Min/hrs/days/mos

Question 9

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Regulation

Answer 9

N - frequency modulated,

E - Amplitude modulated (concentration)

Question 10

Ca2+ - what processes is it involved in?

Answer 10

Nerve conduction, blood clotting, muscle contraction, enzyme co-factor, hormonal mechanism

Question 11

Ligand definition

Answer 11

Chemical signaling molecule
(hormone or neurotransmitter)

Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors

Question 12

Autocrine?

Answer 12

Chemicals that exert their influence on the same cells that secrete them (cytokines, some prostaglandins)

Question 13

Paracrine?

Answer 13

Chemical that acts locally within the same tissue but affects cell types other than the cells they are released from. (Histamine, neuromodulaters, cytokines, eicosanoids)

Question 14

What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 14

Melatonin

Question 15

What hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 15

Oxytocin, ADH

Question 16

What hormones does the anterior Pituitary secrete?i

Answer 16

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL  
(growth hormone, 
Thyroid stimulating hormone, 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 
follicle-stimulating hormone, 
Luteinizing hormone, 
Prolactin)

Question 17

What hormones does the posterior Pituitary secrete?

Answer 17

Oxytocin, ADH

Question 18

What hormones does the Thyroid secrete?

Answer 18

TH (thyroid hormone = thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) , Calcitonin

Question 19

What hormones do the parathyroids secrete?

Answer 19

PTH (parathormone)

Question 20

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

Answer 20

Thymic hormones - thymulin, thymosins, thymopoietins

Question 21

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 21

Corticosteroids:

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

Glucocorticoids - cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone

Gonadocorticoids - androstenedione, DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone

Adrenal Medulla - E, NE, dopamine

Question 22

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

Answer 22

Insulin/glucagon, somatostatin

Question 23

What hormones do the gonads secrete?

Answer 23

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 24

What hormones does adipose secrete?

Answer 24

Leptin, resistin, adiponectin

Question 25

What hormones does the GI secrete?

Answer 25

Gastrin, secretin, CKK (Cholecystokinin), Incretins

Question 26

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

Answer 26

Erythropoitetin - EPO

Question 27

What hormones does the heart secrete?

Answer 27

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 28

What hormones does the skeleton/bones secrete?

Answer 28

Osteocalcin

Question 29

What hormones does the skin secrete?

Answer 29

cholecalciferol

Question 30

What are the major endocrine organs?

Answer 30

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovary/testes

Question 31

Gland?

Answer 31

One or more cells that make and secrete a substance

Question 32

Hormone?

Answer 32

Signaling molecule that travels thru blood

Question 33

Chemical types of hormones?

Answer 33

Amino acid based, steroid, (and some consider Eicosanoids to be a third class though they are not technically hormones)

Question 34

Amino acid based hormones

Answer 34

Vary in size: Biogenic - monoamines, one amino acid (E, NE) Peptide - 14-199 aa (ADH, FSH, Insulin) Water soluble except for TH.

Question 35

Steroid based hormones

Answer 35

Synthesized from cholesterol. Only gonadal and adrenocortical. (Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone) (gonads/adrenal cortex) Lipid soluble.

Question 36

Local hormones

Answer 36

Act locally, not true hormones. (Autocrines/paracrines) Eicosanoids: principal type of local hormone, derived from arachidonic acid. (Leukotrines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins)

Question 37

Eicosanoids

Answer 37

principal type of local hormone, derived from arachidonic acid. Leukotrines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins

Question 38

ENDO vs. NS

Answer 38

Mediator molecule/Site of action Hormone/all cells w/ appropriate receptor Neurotransmitter/synapse Types of target cells All cells Other neurons/muscle/glands Type of action Homeostasis/metabolism GP, AP, Contraction, Secretion Time to onset/duration Min/Hrs/Days/Months MS/short Range of effect Generalized Localized Regulation Amplitude modulated Frequency modulated