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C16 - warm-up Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Regulation and intercellular communication (by electrical and chemical signals)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

Homeostasis and metabolism. Also digestive processes. Growth/development/reproduction. Environmental challenges/stress.

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3
Q

What is the endocrine system’s mechanism of action?

A

Control: enzymatic reactions, transport, gene expression

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4
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Mediator molecule/site of action

A

N - Neurotransmitter/synapse,

E - Hormones/All cells with a specific receptor

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5
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Types of target cells

A

N - Other neurons, muscle, glands

E - All cells

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6
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Types of action

A

N - Graded + Action potentials, contraction, secretion

E - Homeostasis/metabolism

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7
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Range of effect

A

N - Localized,

E - Generalized

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8
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Time to onset/Duration of action

A

N - ms/short,

E - Min/hrs/days/mos

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9
Q

Nervous vs. Endocrine: Regulation

A

N - frequency modulated,

E - Amplitude modulated (concentration)

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10
Q

Ca2+ - what processes is it involved in?

A

Nerve conduction, blood clotting, muscle contraction, enzyme co-factor, hormonal mechanism

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11
Q

Ligand definition

A

Chemical signaling molecule
(hormone or neurotransmitter)

Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors

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12
Q

Autocrine?

A

Chemicals that exert their influence on the same cells that secrete them (cytokines, some prostaglandins)

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13
Q

Paracrine?

A

Chemical that acts locally within the same tissue but affects cell types other than the cells they are released from. (Histamine, neuromodulaters, cytokines, eicosanoids)

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14
Q

What hormones does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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15
Q

What hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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16
Q

What hormones does the anterior Pituitary secrete?i

A 
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL  
(growth hormone, 
Thyroid stimulating hormone, 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 
follicle-stimulating hormone, 
Luteinizing hormone, 
Prolactin)
17
Q

What hormones does the posterior Pituitary secrete?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

18
Q

What hormones does the Thyroid secrete?

A

TH (thyroid hormone = thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3) , Calcitonin

19
Q

What hormones do the parathyroids secrete?

A

PTH (parathormone)

20
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

A

Thymic hormones - thymulin, thymosins, thymopoietins

21
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

Corticosteroids:

Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

Glucocorticoids - cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone

Gonadocorticoids - androstenedione, DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone

Adrenal Medulla - E, NE, dopamine

22
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin/glucagon, somatostatin

23
Q

What hormones do the gonads secrete?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

24
Q

What hormones does adipose secrete?

A

Leptin, resistin, adiponectin

25
Q

What hormones does the GI secrete?

A

Gastrin, secretin, CKK (Cholecystokinin), Incretins

26
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A

Erythropoitetin - EPO

27
Q

What hormones does the heart secrete?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

28
Q

What hormones does the skeleton/bones secrete?

A

Osteocalcin

29
Q

What hormones does the skin secrete?

A

cholecalciferol

30
Q

What are the major endocrine organs?

A

Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovary/testes

31
Q

Gland?

A

One or more cells that make and secrete a substance

32
Q

Hormone?

A

Signaling molecule that travels thru blood

33
Q

Chemical types of hormones?

A

Amino acid based, steroid, (and some consider Eicosanoids to be a third class though they are not technically hormones)

34
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

Vary in size:

Biogenic - monoamines, one amino acid (E, NE)

Peptide - 14-199 aa (ADH, FSH, Insulin)

Water soluble except for TH.

35
Q

Steroid based hormones

A

Synthesized from cholesterol. Only gonadal and adrenocortical. (Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone) (gonads/adrenal cortex)

Lipid soluble.

36
Q

Local hormones

A

Act locally, not true hormones. (Autocrines/paracrines)

Eicosanoids: principal type of local hormone, derived from arachidonic acid. (Leukotrines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins)

37
Q

Eicosanoids

A

principal type of local hormone, derived from arachidonic acid.

Leukotrines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins

38
Q

ENDO vs. NS

A

Mediator molecule/Site of action
Hormone/all cells w/ appropriate receptor Neurotransmitter/synapse

Types of target cells
All cells Other neurons/muscle/glands

Type of action
Homeostasis/metabolism
GP, AP, Contraction, Secretion

Time to onset/duration
Min/Hrs/Days/Months MS/short

Range of effect
Generalized Localized

Regulation
Amplitude modulated Frequency modulated

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