c14

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time

Question 2

Personality assessments

Answer 2

Personality Inventories: sensitive to self-report bias
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Rosenberg Self-Esteem, Locus of Control
Projective Tests: interpreter bias
Rorschach, TAT
Technological Measures
EAR (electronic activated recorder), ESM (experience sampling method)

Question 3

Personality traits:

Answer 3

Personality traits: people’s long-term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations

Question 4

OCEAN

Answer 4

Openness, conscientiousness,agreeableness,neuroticism/
emotional unstable

Question 5

Social Role Theory

Answer 5

Social Role Theory: gender differences are based on cultural messages and expectations regarding appropriate behaviors, careers, and activities

Question 6

Eysenck’s Theory:

Answer 6

Personality is determined by a large extent to one’s genes.
All of personality emerges from 3 higher order traits that are biologically based (i.e. differences in cortical levels of arousal). Hierarchical with specific behavioral tendencies associated with a higher-order trait.
Extraversion: being sociable, assertive and lively
Neuroticism: anxious, tense, moody, low self esteem
Psychoticism: egocentric, cold, impulsive

Question 7

Happiness Gene?

Answer 7

singular gene that is similar to the effects of the drug prozac. Individuals either have the short or long version of the gene.

Finding is that there is a correspondence with the personality trait of neuroticism and the short version of the gene.

Question 8

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 8

Focus on the influences of early childhood
Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

Question 9

Basic Structures of Personality

Answer 9

Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain
Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards
Ego: “voice of reason” , mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises

Question 10

superego

Answer 10

Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards

Question 11

id

Answer 11

Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain

Question 12

ego

Answer 12

Ego: “voice of reason” , mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises

Question 13

Psychosexual stages:

Answer 13

Psychosexual stages: progress through stages. Fixations or regressions can occur.

Question 14

5 STAGES -oaplg

Answer 14

oral, anal, phallic, latency,genital

Question 15

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 15

Responses to anxiety that are caused by internal conflicts; attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt

Question 16

defense mechanisms (r^4d^2Isp)

Answer 16

regression, repression, reaction formation, rationalization, denial, displacement, identification, sublimation ,projection

Question 17

Reciprocal Determinism:

Answer 17

Our behavior influences and is influenced by personal and environment factors”
Reinforcement history and how cognition influence behavior
We see what we expect to see
We place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs

Question 18

Self-esteem:

Answer 18

The extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self.
People high in self-esteem live happier, healthier lives.
People low in self-esteem tend to perceive rejection in ambiguous feedback

Question 19

self-confidence

Answer 19

affect our behaviors and decision making

Question 20

Self-Efficacy:

Answer 20

belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. Acquired from different sources
Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles
Successful and competent role models
Positive feedback and encouragement
Awareness of feelings/manage responses

Question 21

Locus of Control (Rotter)

Answer 21

: the degree to which people perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment

Question 22

Internal Locus of Control:

Answer 22

people believe they are responsible for what happens to them

Question 23

External Locus of Control:

Answer 23

External Locus of Control: people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people

Question 24

Person X Situation

Answer 24

People express particular traits in particular situations
Most likely to see consistency within these similar situations
Some traits are more situationally determined ( shyness, honesty, cheating or breaking the rules)

Question 25

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 25

Focus on the inner experiences of one’s personality and development
Unique human qualities
Freedom and potential for human growth
Optimistic view of human nature: can control impulses, not based on irrational needs and conflicts

Question 26

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 26

: a goal of humans is to be self-actualized; a basic hierarchy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth.
Often seen as a pyramid of needs.

Question 27

congruence

Answer 27

Congruence: when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning

Question 28

incongruence

Answer 28

sense of self/person in conflict

Question 29

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 29

Unconditional Positive Regard: attempt to resolve conflict; accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts one in a positive and accepting manner

Question 30

Csikszentamihalyi (1990) introduced the concept of flow to the humanistic perspective

Answer 30

Tasks that are below our abilities cause boredom
Tasks that are too challenging cause anxiety
Tasks that are “just right” lead to the ideal feeling of being in “the zone” or an optimal state he calls flow.