c14 Flashcards
Personality
a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time
Personality assessments
Personality Inventories: sensitive to self-report bias
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Rosenberg Self-Esteem, Locus of Control
Projective Tests: interpreter bias
Rorschach, TAT
Technological Measures
EAR (electronic activated recorder), ESM (experience sampling method)
Personality traits:
Personality traits: people’s long-term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations
OCEAN
Openness, conscientiousness,agreeableness,neuroticism/
emotional unstable
Social Role Theory
Social Role Theory: gender differences are based on cultural messages and expectations regarding appropriate behaviors, careers, and activities
Eysenck’s Theory:
Personality is determined by a large extent to one’s genes.
All of personality emerges from 3 higher order traits that are biologically based (i.e. differences in cortical levels of arousal). Hierarchical with specific behavioral tendencies associated with a higher-order trait.
Extraversion: being sociable, assertive and lively
Neuroticism: anxious, tense, moody, low self esteem
Psychoticism: egocentric, cold, impulsive
Happiness Gene?
singular gene that is similar to the effects of the drug prozac. Individuals either have the short or long version of the gene.
Finding is that there is a correspondence with the personality trait of neuroticism and the short version of the gene.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on the influences of early childhood
Emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
Primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges
Basic Structures of Personality
Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain
Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards
Ego: “voice of reason” , mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises
superego
Superego: moral component of personality; rigid standards
id
Id: impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain
ego
Ego: “voice of reason” , mediator of id/superego, helps find compromises
Psychosexual stages:
Psychosexual stages: progress through stages. Fixations or regressions can occur.
5 STAGES -oaplg
oral, anal, phallic, latency,genital
Defense Mechanisms
Responses to anxiety that are caused by internal conflicts; attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt
defense mechanisms (r^4d^2Isp)
regression, repression, reaction formation, rationalization, denial, displacement, identification, sublimation ,projection
Reciprocal Determinism:
Our behavior influences and is influenced by personal and environment factors”
Reinforcement history and how cognition influence behavior
We see what we expect to see
We place ourselves in places that will confirm our beliefs
Self-esteem:
The extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self.
People high in self-esteem live happier, healthier lives.
People low in self-esteem tend to perceive rejection in ambiguous feedback
self-confidence
affect our behaviors and decision making
Self-Efficacy:
belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. Acquired from different sources
Mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles
Successful and competent role models
Positive feedback and encouragement
Awareness of feelings/manage responses
Locus of Control (Rotter)
: the degree to which people perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external to the environment
Internal Locus of Control:
people believe they are responsible for what happens to them
External Locus of Control:
External Locus of Control: people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people
Person X Situation
People express particular traits in particular situations
Most likely to see consistency within these similar situations
Some traits are more situationally determined ( shyness, honesty, cheating or breaking the rules)
Humanistic Perspective
Focus on the inner experiences of one’s personality and development
Unique human qualities
Freedom and potential for human growth
Optimistic view of human nature: can control impulses, not based on irrational needs and conflicts
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
: a goal of humans is to be self-actualized; a basic hierarchy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth.
Often seen as a pyramid of needs.
congruence
Congruence: when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning
incongruence
sense of self/person in conflict
Unconditional Positive Regard
Unconditional Positive Regard: attempt to resolve conflict; accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts one in a positive and accepting manner
Csikszentamihalyi (1990) introduced the concept of flow to the humanistic perspective
Tasks that are below our abilities cause boredom
Tasks that are too challenging cause anxiety
Tasks that are “just right” lead to the ideal feeling of being in “the zone” or an optimal state he calls flow.
