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Biology HL > C1.3 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

C1.3 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Outline how light energy is converted to chemical energy in carbon compounds.

A

Through chloroplasts light energy is converted to little packets of energy used to convert CO2 and water to glucose and oxygen.

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2
Q

List three reasons why living organisms need energy for cell activities.

A

Metabolism

Active Transport

Respiration

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3
Q

State that sunlight is the principal energy source in most ecosystems.

A

Sunlight is the main energy source in most ecosystems

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4
Q

Outline the source of the atoms used to form glucose (C6H12O6) during photosynthesis.

A

H2O is from the roots and transforted to leaves through the xylem,

CO2 diffuses onto the leaves through the stomata

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4
Q

State the chemical equation for photosynthesis.

A

6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2

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5
Q

Define photolysis.

A

The use of light energy absorbed by chlorophyll, to split water into hydroogen ions and oxygen gas

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6
Q

State the source of the oxygen produced as a by-product in photosynthesis.

A

Plants produce oxygen gas as a by-product of splitting water during photosynthesis

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7
Q

Outline the process of separating pigments using chromatography.

A
  1. Prepare a chromatography paper strip and mark a baseline.
  2. Apply the pigment mixture near the baseline.
  3. Place the paper strip in a solvent (mobile phase).
  4. As the solvent moves up the paper, pigments separate.
  5. Different pigments travel at different rates, creating distinct bands.
  6. Allow the paper strip to dry.
  7. Calculate the Rf (retention factor) values for each pigment.
  8. Identify pigments by comparing Rf values with known standards
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8
Q

Identify pigments that result from chromatography by color and calculated Rf value.

A

Chlorophyll b 2cm

Chlorophyll a 3.7 cm

Xanthophyll 5.6 cm

Carotene 9 cm

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9
Q

State the range of wavelengths that fall within the visible spectrum.

A

400 to 700 nanometers

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10
Q

Outline the function of pigments.

A

To absorb light energy.

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11
Q

State the primary and accessory pigments found in chloroplasts.

A

Chlorophyll a and b (primary)

Carotenoids

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12
Q

Explain why most plants look green.

A

Because they reflect 500 to 570 nm light

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13
Q

Compare and contrast the action spectrum and absorption spectrum.

A

Similarities : peaks are for blue and red light and lowest is green

Differences : photosynthesis for green light is much higher than light absorbed

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14
Q

Explain the shape of the curve of the photosynthesis action spectrum.

A

Blue light is high and the middle is low

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15
Q

Outline a technique for calculating the rate of photosynthesis by measuring either oxygen production or carbon dioxide consumption.

A

Measuring increase in oxygen (produced by photosynthesis)/Time

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16
Q

Define “limiting factor.”

A

Anything in short supply , which prevents phootosynthesis occuring at a maximum rate

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17
Q

Explain how the following factors limit the rate of photosynthesis: temperature, light intensity, CO2concentration.

A

Temperature : initial positive correlation until 45C where it drops

Level of CO2 : positive correlation with a plateau

Light intensity : positive correlation with a plateau

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement of pigments into photosystems in membranes.

A

Pigments are divided into 2 photosystems photosystem I and photosystem II

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19
Q

Outline the advantage of pigments being arranged in photosystems as opposed to being dispersed.

A

To coordinate electron transport

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20
Q

State the function of the reaction center pigment in a photosystem.

A

To absorb light and initiate photochemical reactions to convert light energy into chemical energy

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21
Q

Compare the peak absorbance of the reaction center chlorophyll molecules of photosystem I and photosystem II.

A

P700 (PI) P680(PII)

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22
Q

Outline advantages of pigment molecules being arranged within a photosystem.

A

Increased light absorption

Efficient energy transfer

Protection against Photo damage

Spatial organization of Electron transfer

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23
Q

Outline the movement of electrons generated by photolysis of water at photosystem II.

A

Electrons from water are transferred trough the electron transport chaing

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24
Q

Describe the role of photosystem II in photolysis.

A

Remove electrons from water to replace electrons lost by photoactivation

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25
Q

State that photolysis of water at photosystem II contributes to the proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen.

A

Photolysis of water at PII contributes to the proton gradient in the thylakoid lumen.

26
Q

Outline the role of photosynthesis of the “Great Oxygenation Event” on early Earth.

A

Photosynthesis led to oxygen accumulation, shaping Earth’s atmosphere and ecosystems

27
Q

Outline the evidence for the “Great Oxygenation Event” provided by banded iron formations.

A

The banded pattern resulted from Fe2+ being oxidized to insoluble Fe3+

28
Q

Define chemiosmosis and photophosphorylation.

A

Chemiosmosis Generation of ATP using kinetic energy as protons move through ATP synthase

Photophosphorylation

Adds a phosphate to ADP using light energy

29
Q

State that electrons generated by photosystem II pass from plastoquinone (Pq) through a chain of electron carrier molecules.

A

Electrons pass from plastoquinone through a chain of electron carrier molecules

30
Q

State that the energy released by the movement of electrons is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.

A

the energy released by the movement of electrons is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane, from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen.

31
Q

State that the result of the electron transport chain is a proton gradient, with a high concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen.

A

the result of the electron transport chain is a proton gradient, with a high concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen.

32
Q

Outline the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis as protons move down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase.

A

Protons are charged and therefore cannot move across the membrane

Therefore move through ATP synthase where ADP through photophosphorylation adds a phosphate and ATP is formed

33
Q

Compare the flow of electrons in cyclic vs noncyclic photophosphorylation.

A

Cyclic : Electrons move along a transport chain providing energy to actively transport protons into the thylakoid space. Electrons lost from PI return to PI Only ATP is produced

Non cyclic : Electrons move through an electron cahin in photosystem II and if are excited enough move to Photosystem I where they produce ATP trough chemiosmosis, excited electrons are used to produce NADPH

34
Q

State that photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I excites electrons which pass through a different electron transport chain.

A

photoactivation of the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I excites electrons which pass through a different electron transport chain.

35
Q

Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

A

They combine with NADP+ and H to form NADPH before being brought to the Calvin cycle

35
Q

Outline the flow and function of electrons from photosystem I in cyclic photophosphorylation.

A

Electrons move along a transport chain providing energy to actively transport protons into the thylakoid space. Electrons lost from PI return to PI

36
Q

State the function of the enzyme NADP reductase.

A

Catalyze the transfer of electrons to form NADPH

36
Q

State that in noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons of photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH.

A

noncyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons of photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH.

37
Q

State that the light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and reduced NADP (=NADPH).

A

the light dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and reduced NADP (=NADPH).

38
Q

Describe the structure of the thylakoid grana and stroma lamellae.

A

Thylakoid grana are stacks of flattened, disc-like structures embedded in the chloroplasts.
Stroma lamellae, also known as intergranal lamellae or interthylakoid lamellae, are membrane structures that connect and interconnect the thylakoid grana.

39
Q

Outline how the thylakoid functions as a system of interacting parts.

A

Serves as a system for performing light independent reactions of photosynthesis

40
Q

Define carbon fixation and carboxylation.

A

Conversion of CO2 into organic compounds(carbon fixation)

Addition of CO2 to a molecule (carboxylation)

41
Q

State the location of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, including photoactivation, photolysis, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis, and reduction of NADP.

A

The thylakoid membrane

42
Q

State that carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma.

A

Carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma

43
Q

Carbon fixation occurs in the chloroplast stroma

A

The 5-carbon molecule ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by CO2, forming two 3-carbon molecules called glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).

44
Q

State that the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP is calledribulosebisphosphatecarboxylase (rubisco).

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP is calledribulosebisphosphatecarboxylase (rubisco).

45
Q

State that the enzyme rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on Earth.

A

the enzyme rubisco is the most abundant enzyme on Earth.

46
Q

State the effectiveness of rubisco at low concentrations of CO2.

A

Is not effective at low concentrations of CO2

47
Q

State the source of the carbon and oxygen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.

A

From the atmosphere

48
Q

State the source of the hydrogen atoms that become part of the carbohydrate molecule (ie C6H12O6) produced in photosynthesis.

A

They originate from water

49
Q

State that ATP (from the light dependent reaction) provides the energy for NADPH (also from the light dependent reaction) to reduce glycerate-3-phosphate (GP), forming a three-carbon carbohydrate, triose phosphate (TP).

A

ATP (from the light dependent reaction) provides the energy for NADPH (also from the light dependent reaction) to reduce glycerate-3-phosphate (GP), forming a three-carbon carbohydrate, triose phosphate (TP).

50
Q

State that synthesis of triose phosphate (TP) occurs in the chloroplast stroma.

A

synthesis of triose phosphate (TP) occurs in the chloroplast stroma.

51
Q

Outline the formation of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose) from the triose phosphate produced in the light independent reactions.

A

After having completed

52
Q

State that in the Calvin Cycle, five molecules of 3-carbon triose phosphate (TP) are used to regenerate the three molecules of the 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

A

five molecules of 3-carbon triose phosphate (TP) are used to regenerate the three molecules of the 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

52
Q

Outline the reason that ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) must be regenerated in the Calvin cycle.

A

Because it is what binds the CO2 to the 5 carbons

53
Q

State that six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one molecule of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose).

A

six turns of the Calvin Cycle are needed to produce one molecule of a hexose monosaccharide (ie glucose).

54
Q

State that ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate.

A

ATP is used to regenerate RuBP from triose phosphate.

55
Q

State that carbon fixation during the light independent reactions is the basis for carbon entering a food web.

A

Carbon fixation during the light independent reactions is the basis for carbon entering a food web.

56
Q

Outline the formation of glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose from the triose phosphate (TP) formed during photosynthesis.

A

Glucose:
TP combines to form glucose-6-phosphate, then glucose.

Sucrose:
Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose.

Starch:
Excess glucose polymerizes to form starch.

Cellulose:
Glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds form cellulose.

57
Q

State that enzymes in plant cells can create fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids and nucleotides using metabolic pathways that can be traced back to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

A

enzymes in plant cells can create fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids and nucleotides using metabolic pathways that can be traced back to the light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

58
Q

List the major steps of the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis

A

Light dependent :

Chlorophyll a and b transform light energy to chemical energy

Electrons are excited and go trough the electron transport chain

They form protons in the process which are carried into the ATP synthase.

The proton provides energy for ADP + Pi = ATP and NADPH is also formed from taking excited electrons

Light independent

Rubisco attaches an additional carbon through carbon fixation

Divide into 2 glycerate 3 phosphate

Transform into 2 triose phosphate through ATP —> ADP + Pi and NAPH—> NADPH

After 5 cycles

59
Q

Discuss the interdependent relationship between the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis.

A

The calvin cycle requires ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reaction and provides ADP + Pi + NADP + for the light dependent cycle

60
Q

State the rate limiting step of photosynthesis in low and high light intensity conditions.

A

In low light the light dependetnt reaction may not provide enough ATP and NADPH however in high light the Calvin cycle is unlikely to keep up and provide enough ADP+Pi and NADP+

Biology HL (16 decks)

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