C12

Question 1

Where do natural resources come from?

Answer 1

Earth, sea or air.

Question 2

What is a naturla resource?

Answer 2

Something that forms without human input.

Question 3

What are the earths resources used for?

Answer 3

To provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

Question 4

What can be created with natural resoruces?

Answer 4

A synthetic product improved by mand made processes

Question 5

How agriculture is used to create natural resources?

Answer 5

Provides conditions where natural resources can be enhanced for our needs

Question 6

What can natural resources supplemented by agriculture provide?

Answer 6

Food, timber , clothing and fuels

Question 7

What are finite resources?

Answer 7

Aren’t formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable. They include fossil fuels , nuclear fuels such as uranium and plutonium, also minerals found in the earth. After extraction they usually go through man made processes to provide fuels and materials. Examples is fractional distillation

Question 8

How does extracting finite resources have its risks?

Answer 8

• many modern materials are made from finite resources

- have to balance social , economic and environmental factors

Question 9

What is potable water?

Answer 9

Water thats been treated or is naturslly safe for humans to drink , it is essential for life.

Question 10

Why is potable water not pure?

Answer 10

Pure water only contains h2o molecules whereas potable also contains dissolved susbtances.

Question 11

What needs to happen for water to become potable?

Answer 11

Decrease the levels of dissolved salts, so it has a ph between 6.5 and 8.5, and also to remove bacteria and other microbes .

Question 12

What is fresh water?

Answer 12

Water that doesn’t have much dissolved in it, an example is rain water . Still needs to be treated to make it potable.

Question 13

How to find water to make potable water in the uk?

Answer 13

Rain provides water with low levels of dissolved substances (fresh water) that collects in the ground and in lakes and rivers .

Question 14

Ways of making water potable?

Answer 14

Filtration

Sterilisation

Question 15

Hoe to use filtration to produce potable water?

Answer 15

A wire mesh screens out large twigs and then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solids

Question 16

How sterilisation can help make water potable ?

Answer 16

Water is sterilised to kill harmful bacteria or microbes . This can be done by bubbling chlorine gas through it or by using ozone or ultraviolet radiation

Question 17

What is desalinisation?

Answer 17

If supplies of fresh water are limited , and there is only sea or salty water , it may be required. Can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis . These processes use large amounts of energy.

Question 18

What is waste water used for?

Answer 18

Lots of things at home like having a bath, going to the toilet , doing the washing up. When we flush it down the drain it goes to the sewers and towards sewage treatment plants

Question 19

What do agricultural systems produce a lot off?

Answer 19

Waste water including jutrient run off fromfields and slurry from animal farms

Question 20

What happens to water in sewers from domestic and agricultural sources?

Answer 20

It is treated to remove any organic matter and harmful microbes before it can be put back into fresh water sources like rivers or lakes. Otherwise it would make them very polluted and would pose health risks

Question 21

What does industrial processes water waste contain aswll as organic matter?

Answer 21

Harmful chemicals , so it has to undergo additional stages of treatment before it is safe to release into the environment

Question 22

Where does most waste water come from?

Answer 22

Urban lifestyles and industrials processes, sewage and agricultural waste.

Question 23

What happens when sewage is treated?

Answer 23

• screening and grit removal
• sedimentation to produce sewage sludge (sinks to bottom)and effluent (rises to the top)
• anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge( breaks down sludge using bacteria, it releases methane gas)
• aerobic biological treatment of effluent

Question 24

Sewage treatment vs fresh water treatment?

Answer 24

-sewage requires more processes than fresh water but uses less energy than desalinisation of salt water, so could be used in areas where there is not much fresh water

Question 25

What is sustainable development?

Answer 25

Takes into account present society while not damaging lives of the future generations.

Question 26

How is extracting resources unsustainable?

Answer 26

Dud to the amount of energy used and the waste produced. Processing the resources into useful materials such as glass or bricks , can be unsustainable too, as usually use energy from finite resources

Question 27

How to reduce the use of finite resources?

Answer 27

People need to stop using the, , which also reduces energy and waste products from production. Chemists have developed ways of decreasing the use of finite materials, for example catalysts used to reduce the amount of energy required for certain processes

Question 28

Is copper a finite resource?

Answer 28

Yes, all of the esrths resources of metal ores are limited

Question 29

What are the two ways of extracting copper from low grade ores?

Answer 29

- phytoming | - bioleaching

Question 30

What does phytomining and bioleaching help do?

Answer 30

Avoid traditional mining methods of digging , moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

Question 31

What is phytomining?

Answer 31

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds. the plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains metal compounds

Question 32

What is bioleaching?

Answer 32

Uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

Question 33

How metal compounds can be processed to obtain metal?

Answer 33

Copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis

Question 34

Why is recycling metals important?

Answer 34

Mining and extracting metals takes a lot of energy most of which comes from burning fossil fuels. recycling uses less energy than is needed to mine and extract new metal . It also conserves finite amount of each metal and cuts down on landfill waste.

Question 35

How are metals usually recycled?

Answer 35

By melting them and then casting them into the shape of the new product

Question 36

How can recycling glass help the environment?

Answer 36

Reduces amount of energy needed to make new glass products and also waste created when glass is thrown away

Question 37

How can glass be recycled?

Answer 37

- often be reshaped. - others types of glass cant be reused so they're recycled instead. Usually the glass is separated by colour and chemical composition before being recycled. The glass is then crushed and melted to be reshaped in glass products such as bottles or jars.

Question 38

How does reduction in use , reuse and recycling help sustainability?

Answer 38

Limits use of limited resources , eneergy sources , waste and environmental impacts

Question 39

Where do metals , glass , building materials , clay ceramics and most plastics come from?

Answer 39

Produce from limited raw materials. Much of the energy for the processes comes from limited raw materials. Obtaining raw materials from the earth by quarrying and mining causes environmental impacts

Question 40

What does the amount of separation of a metal depend on?

Answer 40

On the material and the properties reauired of the final product. For example, some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore.

Question 41

What are the stages of the life cycle?

Answer 41

1. Getting raw materials 2. Manufacture and packaging 3. Using the product 4. Product disposal

Question 42

What is the life cycle assessment?

Answer 42

Looking at every stage of a products life tos ee how it damages the environment.

Question 43

Plastic bag LCA?

Answer 43

Raw materials: crude oil Manufacturing and packaging: compounds needed to make the plastic are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation , followed by cracking and then polymerisation . Waste is reduced as the other fractions of crude oil have other uses Using the product: can be reused. Can be used for other things like shopping, eg. Bin liners Product disposal: recycleable but not biodegradable and will take up space at a landfill and pollute land

Question 44

Paper ba LCA?

Answer 44

Raw materials: timber Manufacturing and packaging: pulped timber is processed using lots of energy. Lots of waste is made . Using the product: usually only one use Product disposal: biodegradeable, non toxic and can be recycled

Question 45

Problem with LCA?

Answer 45

Selective LCAs can be devissed to evalute a product but these can be misused to reach pre determined conclusions