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(GCSE) Chemistry > C11. Polymers (Y11 - Spring 1) > Flashcards

C11. Polymers (Y11 - Spring 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

🟠 What are Monomers and Polymers

A

The plastics you use in everyday life are made up of huge molecules made from lots of small molecules joined together. These small molecules are called monomers. The huge molecules they make are called polymers. By using different monomers, you can make various types of polymers that have very different properties.

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2
Q

🟠 What Polymer can ethene (C2H4) monomers form, and what are the uses of it (+ equation)

A

Ethene, C2H4, is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule. It can be used to make a polymer known as poly(ethene) or polythene. Poly(ethene) is a really useful plasticnas it is strong and easy to shape. It is transparent, except when you add colouring material to it. ‘Plastic’ carrier bags, some drinks bottles, dustbins, washing up bowls, and cling film are all examples of the uses of poly(ethene):

Ethene Monomers –> Poly(ethene).

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3
Q

🟠 What Polymer can propene (C3H6) monomers form, and what are the uses of it (+ equation)

A

Propene, C3H6, is another alkene. It can be used to make a polymer called poly(propene). Poly(propene) forms a very strong, tough plastic. You can use it to make many things, including carpets, milk crates, and ropes.

Propene Monomers –> Poly(propene).

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4
Q

🟠 How do Monomers join together (+What is Addition Polymerisation)

A

When alkene molecules join together, the double covalent bond between two carbon atoms in each molecule ‘opens up’. It is replaced by a single carbon-carbon covalent bond between the two carbon atoms. In this way, thousands of molecules join, end to end.

The polymer chains they form are made up of a ‘backbone’ of thousands of carbon atoms. This type of reaction is called addition polymerisation and the polymer formed is known as an addition polymer.

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5
Q

🟠 How is the addition polymer ploy(ethene) is made using the displayed formula

A

You can shoe what happens when the addition polymer poly(ethene) is made using the displayed formulae of a few of the ethene molecules involved in the reaction.

  H       H                        /   H    H     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->   --|--    C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n

(See more on Goodnotes)

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6
Q

🟠 What are long chain molecules in polymers made up of in Addition Polymerisation

A

The long chain molecules in polymers are made up of repeated patterns of atoms. In poly(ethene), the repeating unit is shown bracketed in the chemical equation. In addition polymers, the repeating unit of the polymer has the same displayed formula as one of it’s monomers, but the C=C double bond in the monomer is changed to a single bond, with a single bond sticking out at each end.

(In addition polymerisation, there is only one product formed in the reaction, just like in all the other addition of the alkenes.)

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7
Q

🟠 Ethene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  H       H                        /   H    H     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n

2 repeated units:

        H        H       H        H
         |           |          |        |
    -   C   -   C   -   C   -   C   -  
         |            |         |        |
        H        H       H       H
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8
Q

🟠 Ethene

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(ethene)

Everyday Name:
Polythene

Uses:

  • Bags
  • Bottles
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9
Q

🟠 Chloroethene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  H       Cl                       /   H    Cl     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n

2 repeated units:

        H        Cl       H       Cl
         |           |          |        |
    -   C   -   C   -   C   -   C   -  
         |            |         |        |
        H        H       H       H
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10
Q

🟠 Chloroethene

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(chloroethene)

Everyday Name:
PVC (Polyvinylchloride)

Uses:
Window Frames

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11
Q

🟠 Penylethene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  H       ⌬                      /   H       ⌬     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n

2 repeated units:

        H        ⌬       H       ⌬
         |           |          |        |
    -   C   -   C   -   C   -   C   -  
         |            |         |        |
        H        H       H       H
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12
Q

🟠 Propene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(phenylethene)

Everyday Name:
Polystyrene

Uses:
Packaging Foam

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13
Q

Propene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  H    CH3                   /    H CH3    \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n

2 repeated units:

  H     CH3                   /   H   CH3   \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->   --|--    C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                        \    H    H    /     n
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14
Q

🟠 Propene

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(propene)

Everyday Name:
Polypropelene

Uses:

  • Crates
  • Ropes
  • (School) Chairs
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15
Q

🟠 Tetrafloroethene

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  F       F                        /    F      F     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  F       F                        \     F      F    /     n

2 repeated units:

        F          F         F         F
         |           |           |         |
    -   C   -   C   -   C   -   C   -  
         |           |           |         |
        F          F        F         F
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16
Q

🟠 Tetrafluoroethene

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(Tetrafluoroethene)

Everyday Name:
Teflon

Uses:

  • Frying Pan
  • Coatings
  • Plumbers Tape
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17
Q

🟠 Propenitrile

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

  CN    H                       /  CN   H     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  H       H                       \    H    H      /     n

2 repeated units:

      CN       H     CN          H
         |           |          |           |
    -   C   -   C   -   C   -   C   -  
         |            |         |           |
        H         H        H         H
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18
Q

🟠 Propenitrile

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(propenitrile)

Everyday Name:
Orlon

Uses:
Carpets and Upholstery

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19
Q

🟠 Methyl-2-cyanopropenoate

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

COOH3 H / COOH3 H \
| | | | | |
n C = C —> –|– C - C –|–
| | | | | |
CN H \ CN H / n

2 repeated units:

 COOH3     H    COOH3   H
         |             |            |            |
    -   C    -    C    -    C    -    C   -  
         |             |            |            |
      CN         H         CN        H
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20
Q

🟠 Methyl-2-cyanopropenoate

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(cyanopropenoate)

Everyday Name:
Super Glue

Uses:
Super Glue

21
Q

🟠 Methyl-2-methylpropenoate

  • (Monomer) –> (Polymer)
  • 2 repeated units
A

(Monomer) –> (Polymer):

COOCH3 H / COOCH3 H \
| | | | | |
n C = C —> –|– C - C –|–
| | | | | |
CH3 H \ CH3 H / n

2 repeated units:

 COOCH3    H   COOCH3     H
         |               |              |               |
    -   C     -     C     -     C     -     C   -  
         |               |              |               |
      CH3         H         CH3         H
22
Q

🟠 Methyl-2-methylpropenoate

  • Name of Polymer
  • Everyday Name
  • Uses
A

Name of Polymer:
Poly(methylpropenoate)

Everyday Name:
PMMA / Perspex

Uses:
Perspex

23
Q

🟠 How does Addition Polymerisation Work (what happens)

A

During polymerisation the double bonds between 2 carbons break and ‘open up’.

The electrons from these broken bonds form new single bonds with neighbouring carbon atoms

ADDITION POLYMERS consist of long SATURATED chains of repeating units

The actual POLYMER formed depends on the starting ALKENE MONOMER, which depends on the groups attached to each C in the carbon carbon double bond.

24
Q

🟠 General Equation for Addition Polymerisation

A

.
W X / W X \
| | | | | |
n C = C —> –|– C - C –|–
| | | | | |
Y Z \ Y Z / n

25
Q

🟠 What is the difference between addition and condensation polymers

A

In addition polymerisation, the monomers contain a C=C bond. Other type of reaction used to make pol6mers are called condensation polymerisation.

In addition polymerisation, there is only one product one prodyct formed in the reaction, the polymer, whereas in condensation polymerisation, there are two different products. The main one is the polymer, but you usually also get a small molecule given off. The small molecule is most commonly either water, H2O, or hydrigen chloride, HCl.

Overall:

Addition Polymerisation –> The Addition Polymer

Condensation Polymerisation –> The Condensation Polymer + A Small Molecule

26
Q

🟠 How are monomers for addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation used in the plastics industry

A

In the plastics industry, the monomers used for addition polymerisation are often all the same alkene. However, in condensation polymerisation there are oftej two different monomers used. One monomer will have a certain functional group at both ends of its molecule. The other monomer will have a different functional group at its ends.

The important thing is that the functional groups on the two different monomers must react together. This is how the long polymer chains are formed.

27
Q

🟠 How is a Polyester formed (+ how do you draw the displayed formula)

A

To make a polyester chain, you would start with one alcohol monomer with an -OH group at each end, and another carboxylic acid monomer with a -COOH group at each end.

(When you draw the displayed formula of the polyester for the equation of the repeating unit, imagine the smallest piece of the polymer chain that could be draw over and over again, end to ene, to shoe a complete section of the polymer chain. Then draw this part in brackets, with a single bond crossing through them)

28
Q

🟠 How are fumes given off an a long polymer chain formed when making nylon

A

The fumes given off as the two different monomers react together to form nylon are hydrogen chloride, HCl gas. This is an example of the small molecule that is always given off in a condensation polymerisation. The monomers have reactive parts at both ends of their moleucles so they join tigether, end-to-end, to make a long nylon polymer chain.

29
Q

🟠 How are condensation polymers made and what type of molecules are the monomers

A

They are made from molecules from two functional groups that react together at the end of two monomers. The main product is the polymer, but a small molecule is also given off. The small molecule is usually water, or hydrogen chloride.

The molecules of addition polymers are saturated (single bonds only)

30
Q

🟠 How is a Polyester formed?

A

When a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol, an ester is formed with water released as the molecules join together. If a dicarboxylic acid reacts with a diol, a polymer called a polyester is formed and water is released.

31
Q

🟠 How is a polyamide formed (+ what else is formed)

2 ways

A

When a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine, an amide is formed with water released as the molecules join together. If a dicarboxylic acid reacts with a diamine, a polymer called a polyamide is formed and water is released.

Polyamides can also be formed by the polymerisation of amino acids as they contain a carboxylic acid group and an amine group.

32
Q

🟠 Find the repeating unit and structure of these two monomers when they undergo condensation polymerisation

Monomer 1:
O H H O
|| | | ||
H - O - C - C - C - C - O - H
| |
H H
Monomer 2:

                   H      H   
                    |        |    
H  -  O  -  C  -  C  -  O  -  H
                    |        |
                   H      H
A

Repeating Unit:
O H H O H H
|| | | || | |
- C - C - C - C - O - C - C - O -
| | | |
H H H H

Structure:
/ O H H O H H \
| || | | || | | |
–|– C - C - C - C - O - C - C - O –|–
| | | | | |
\ H H H H / n

33
Q

🟠 Find the repeating unit and structure of these two monomers when they undergo condensation polymerisation

Monomer 1:

     H       H      H     H     O
      |         |        |        |       || H  -  N  -  C  -  C  -  C  -  C  -  O  -   H
                |        |        |
              H       H      H

Monomer 2:

One monomer only

A 
Repeating Unit:
       H       H      H     H     O
        |         |        |        |       ||
   -  N  -  C  -  C  -  C  -  C  -  
                  |        |        |
                 H       H      H

Structure:
/ H H H H O \
| | | | | || |
–|– N - C - C - C - C –|–
| | | | |
\ H H H / n

34
Q

🟠 Find the Monomer 1, Monomer 2, and repeating unit from the structure after it has undergone condensation polymerisation

Polymer Structure:
/ O H H O H H H H H \
| || | | || | | | | | |
–|– C - C - C - C - N - C - C - C - C - N –|–
| | | | | | | |
\ H H H H H H / n

A

Monomer 1:
O H H O
|| | | ||
H - O - C - C - C - C - O - H -
| |
H H

Monomer 2:
H H H H H
| | | | |
- H - N - C - C - C - C - N - H -
| | | |
H H H H

Repeating Unit:
O H H O H H H H H
|| | | || | | | | |
- C - C - C - C - N - C - C - C - C - N -
| | | | | |
H H H H H H

35
Q

🟠 How are glucose and fructose (monosaccharides) different

A

Glucose is called a monosaccharide (made of one sugar unit), as well as fructose, which is a low-calorie alternative to glucose used to sweeten food. Whereas glucose molecules are made up of a six-membered ring structure, fructose has five-membered rings. Monosaccharides can bond together to make larger molecules.

36
Q

🟠 What do Monosaccharide sugars come together to form

A

The monosacharide sugars can also act as the monomers to make polymers, called polysaccharides. They can be made up of thousands of sugar monomers.

37
Q

🟠 How are Starch and Cellulose Polymers made (Condensation Reaction Equations) and what other by-product is made

A

They are made from condensation reactions with glucose monomers:

Glucose Monomers –> Starch Polymers + Water

Glucose Monomers –> Cellulose Polymers + Water

Plants use the starch they make from glucose as energy stores, and the cellulose they make is used to gige the plant its structure.

38
Q

🟠 Complete the Condensation Polymerisation Question:

Variety of Amino Acid Monomers –> __________ + __________

A

Variety of Amino Acid Monomers –> Protein Polymers + Water

39
Q

🟠 What are the monomers of proteins and their two functional groups

A

The monomers of proteins are called amino acids. The amnio acids have two functional groups, one basic (the amine group, -NH2) and one acdic (the carboxylic acid group, -COOH). The simplest amino acid is caled glycine

40
Q

🟠 How many amino acids are there that can join together to form how many proteins in your body

A

There are about 20 different amino acids that join together (polymerise) in a great variety of sequences to make the more than 10,000 proteins in your body. Each of the different amino acid monomers is given a 3 letter abbrviation when listing their sequence in a protein.

41
Q

🟠 Describe the formation of polypeptides

A

Glycine molecules can react together in a condensation reaction. Many more glycine molecules can link together to form a ploypeptide molecule. It’s made by:

n H2NCH2COOH * —> * -(- HNCH2CO-)-n + nH2O

*(polymerisation)

(n H2NCH2COOH (polymerisation) —> (polymerisation) -(- HNCH2CO-)-n + nH2O

42
Q

🟠 How is DNA made (+what condensation reaction makes it)

A

DNA is made by the condensation polymerisation of repeating units of monomers called nucleotides. So DNA is known as a polynucleotide:

Million of Nucleotides –> DNA (a polynucleotide) + Water

43
Q

🟠 What is the structure of DNA

A

The DNA molecule consists of a double helix made up of two long polymer strands of nucleotides. The two strands run in opposite directions to each other. They are held in place by the intermolecular forces down the length of each polymer strand. There are 4 different nucleotide monomers that can react witn each other to form DNA polymers.

44
Q

🟠 Tertrafluorethene js agas which under certain conditions can form a white solid by addition polymerisation.

Describe how this addition polymer forms from monomers.

A

This addition polymer is formed by double bond between the carbon atoms in the monomer opening up and adding an extra single bond at the end of the monomer, leaving just a single bond between the two carbon atoms. The extra single bond at the end of the monomer bonds to another carbon atom of another monomer, creating an addition polymer.

  F       F                        /    F      F     \
   |         |                       |       |       |       | n   C  =  C    --->     --|--  C - C   --|--
   |         |                       |       |       |       |
  F       F                        \     F      F    /     n
45
Q

🟠 Characteristics of a Starch Polymer and a Cellulose Polymer

A

Starch Polymer:

  • Branched chains - i.e, can’t packing closely together
  • Under 1500 glucose molecules

Cellulose Polymer

  • Molecules in straight chains
  • Intermolecular forces keeping chains structured
  • 10,000 Glucose Molecules
46
Q

🟠 What are DNA Nucleotide Monomers made up of

A
  • A Phosphate Group
  • A Sugar
  • A Base (4 Possible Bases)
47
Q

🟠 What of the 4 Possible bases for a Nucleotide monomer are complementary

A

Bases are complementary

  • A is always with T
  • C is always with G
48
Q

🟠 What is Sucrose made from and how is it made, for example

A

For example, sucrose is made from a glucose and a fructose molecule bonded together (via a condensation reaction in which H2O is lost when making the link)

49
Q

🟠 What is a Diol and a Dicarboxylic Acid

A

The term diol simply implies the presence of two alcohols.

A dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl functional groups

(GCSE) Chemistry (24 decks)

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