C11 Flashcards
what is polythene poly(ethene)
made from ethene
useful plastic as it is strong and easy to shape
transparent except when artifically coloured
eg carrier bags, drink bottles, cling film
what is polypropene
strong tough plastic used to make carpet, milk crates, and ropes
what is addition polymerisation
when monomers join together
how do monomers join together
when the double covalent bond betwen 2 carbon atoms in an alkene opens up and forms a single covalent bond so that thousands of molecules can join together end to end
how is an addition polymer formed
many alkene monomers split their double covalent bonds to make a single covalent bond so they can join together and form a polymer
what is condensation polymerisation
2 products are formed, one being the polymer and then another small molecule normally either H20 or HCL
what is the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation
addition: one product, monomers used are of the same alkene
condensation: 2 products, often 2 different monomers used.each will have a different functional group at its end so it is important that these functional groups react together so long polymer chains can form
what is the general equation for making a polyester
diol + dicarboxylic acid = polyester + water
how are polyesters formed
condensation polymerisation of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid with H2O given off in the reaction
what are carbohydrates made up of
compounds made up of molecules containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
what are monosaccharides
sugars that can act as monomers to make polymers called polysaccharides
how is sucrose made
from a glucose and sucrose molecules bonded together via a condensation reaction where H2O is lost when making the link
what is cellulose made up of
10,000 glucose monomers in straight lines meaning they can line up straight to each other forming stronger intermolecular bonds between the polymer chains
how is protein made
condensation polymerisation of amino acid monomers also forming water
what are the 2 functional groups of amino acids
basic (amine group -NH2) and acidic group ( carboxylic acid group -COOH) these react together (as acids and bases react together) during condensation polymerisation to form polypeptides and proteins made of long sequenes of different monomers
how is dna made
by the condensation polymerisation of nucleotides which produces dna and water so dna is a polynucleotide
what is a dna molecule made up of
2 polymer strands with sugars bonded to phosphate groups intertwined into a double helix
