C11 Flashcards
what is an organic compound
compound where one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to other compounds
empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a compound.
molecular formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
skeletal formula
straight lines represent C-C
each carbon is assumed to form enough C-H bonds to make 4
displayed formula
shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
structural formula
shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing bonds
each carbon = written separately, with the groups of atoms that are attached to it
what is represented by a curly arrow
movement of lone pair of electrons
what is a free radical and how is it formed
- sometimes a covalent bond may break so 1 e- goes to each atom that formed the bond
- these fragments of the original molecule have an unpaired electron
- usually extremely reactive
a systematic name has a root that represents…
the longest, unbranched hydrocarbon chain/ ring
what order are substituting groups put in when naming molecule
alphabetical
hydrocarbon ring prefix
cyclo
what order are multiple branches put in when naming molecule
alphabetical
homologous series
family of organic compounds with the same functional group, but different carbon chain length
- the length of the chain affects physical properties, like mp, bp and solubility
- mp and bp increase by small amounts as chain length increases. this is because the IM forces increase (vdW)
- chain branching generally reduces melting points because the molecules pack together less well
isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms
structural isomers
same molecular formula, different structural formula
can be:
- positional isomerism: same functional groups attached to main chain at different points
- functional group isomerism: different functional group
- chain isomerism: different arrangement of hydrocarbon chain e.g. branching
positional isomerism
functional group attached to main chain at different points
functional group isomerism
different functional groups
how to make a functional group isomer of alkene
make it a cycloalkane
chain isomerism
different arrangement of the hydrocarbon chain
stereoisomerism
two or more compounds have the same structural formula, but have a different arrangement of bonds in space
2 types:
EZ
optical
what is EZ isomerism and how does it arise
EZ tells us the position of the substituents either side of the C=C
same Z
opposite E
substituents joined by a single bond can rotate, so no isomers
- there is no rotation around a double bond
