c11

Question 1

polymerisation

Answer 1

the reaction in which small monomer units join together to form large molecules called polymers

Question 2

types of polymerisation

Answer 2

• addition
• condensation

Question 3

addition reaction

Answer 3

• the process in which identical alkene monomers are added together to form a polymer molecule
• the double bond in the alkene molecules open up so that they can join together to form a large polymer molecule
• reaction is carried out under pressure in the presence of a catalyst

Question 4

condensation reaction

Answer 4

• involves two functional groups
• when the 2 functional groups react to join 2 monomers together, small molecules such as water are lost (condensation reactions)
• the simplest condensation polymers are produced by using two different monomer types with two of the same functional groups on each monomer

Question 5

diol

Answer 5

an alcohol with OH on both sides (2 OH functional groups)

Question 6

dicarboxylic acid

Answer 6

a carboxylic acid containing 2 COOH groups

Question 7

polyesters

Answer 7

made from the condensation reaction of a diol and a dicarboxylic acid

Question 8

synthetic polymers

Answer 8

• polystyrene
• polyester

Question 9

natural / biological polymers

Answer 9

• DNA
• glycogen
• cellulose
• proteins

Question 10

monosaccharides (monomers)

Answer 10

• made up of one sugar unit
• glucose
• fructose

Question 11

disaccharide

Answer 11

a product of two monosaccharides via condensation polymerisation
e.g. glucose + fructose —> sucrose

Question 12

starch polymers

Answer 12

• glucose monomers join together to form starch polymers
• starch is an example of a polysaccharide (lots of glucose monosaccharides joined together)

Question 13

cellulose polymers

Answer 13

• glucose monomers join together form cellulose polymers (same process a starch)
• cellulose is made by plants
  found in plant cell walls + provides the plant cell with structural support

Question 14

proteins

Answer 14

• amino acid monomers join together via condensation polymerisation to form protein polymers (+H2O)
• there are around 20 different amino acids that can be joined in any combination to produce different proteins
• each protein has a different combination/order of amino acids in their peptide chain

Question 15

functional groups of amino acids

Answer 15

• COOH
• NHH (NH2)
• “R” is what differentiates the different amino acids

Question 16

how are polypeptides formed

Answer 16

amino acids join together by condensation polymerisation

Question 17

what is DNA made up of

Answer 17

• 2 polymer chains
• 4 different monomers called nucleotides (through condensation polymerisation)

Question 18

what does DNA contain

Answer 18

contains genetic instructions that allow all living organisms and viruses to function and develop

Question 19

what is a nucleotide made of

Answer 19

• phosphate
• base
• deoxyribose sugar

Question 20

DNA bases

Answer 20

the double helix “ladder” of a DNA molecule is held together by ‘rungs’ made from pairs of chemicals called bases

Question 21

four types of bases

Answer 21

A –>T
c –>G

Question 22

what can glucose monomers form

Answer 22

• cellulose
• starch
• glycogen