C11 Flashcards
What is the key ingredient to make plastics by addition polymerisation
Alkenes can go on to make polymers such as poly(ethene) and poly(propene) by addition polymerisation
What is needed to make the monomers join together to form a polymer by addition polymerisation
High pressure and a catalyst
What is the functional group for monomers in addition polymerisation and what else do they have in common
Functional group is the double carbon - carbon bond ( C = C )
This means that all the monomers are unsaturated molecules ( alkenes )
What is addition polymerisation
Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules ( alkenes ) open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains
What is the product after the monomers react in addition polymerisation
When the monomers react, the only product is the polymer
This means that an addition polymer contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it
How to draw a displayed formula of an addition polymer ( have to know but practice is better than learning the flashcard )
Draw two alkene carbons and replace the double bond with a sungle bond and add an extra single bond the each of the carbons
Fill in rest of the groups in the same way that they surrounded the double bond in the monomer
Put 2 pairs of brackets around the repeating part and put an ‘ n ‘
H H - monomer ( chloroethene )
\ /
( C = C ) n
/ \
H Cl
H H - polymer poly(chloroethene)
| |
( - C - C - ) n
| |
H Cl
What does condensation polymerisation involve
Monomers with two different functional groups
When these types of monomers react they join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, and so the reactions are called condensation reactions.
How are the simplest polymers produced
The simplest polymers are produced from two different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer.
How is addition polymerisation different from condensation polymerisation
Number of types of monomers:
AP: one monomer type containing C = C
CP: two monomer types with same functional group or one monomer type with 2 different functional groups
Number of products:
AP: only one product formed
CP: two types of product - the polymer and small molecule ( e.g. water )
Functional groups involved in polymerisation:
AP: C = C in monomer
CP: two reactive groups on each monomer
How is a polyester formed ( example don’t need to know )
Ethanediol: HO - CH2 - CH2 - OH or HO - 🔲 - OH \+ hexanedioic acid HOOC - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH or HOOC - 🔲 - COOH
= ( - O - 🔲 -O - CO - 🔲 - CO -)n +2nH2O ( polyester )
( alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester and water )
What are the functional groups of an amino acid
Amino group: NH2
Acidic carboxyl group: COOH
example is glycine ( simplest amino acid possible )
How are polypeptides formed
Amino acids can form polymers known as polypeptides via condensation polymerisation
How are proteins made
One or more long chains of polypeptides are known as proteins
What is DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a large molecule essential for life. DNA encodes genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms and viruses.
How are most DNA molecules structured
Most DNA molecules are two polymer chains, made from four different monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix
Nucleotides each contain a small molecule called a base
The 4 different bases are A, C, G, T
