C100 Humanities Master 2021 01 Flashcards
Epistomology is the study of _____________.
Knowledge and thinking
Life like stance of a man putting weight on one foot
Contropoposto
The classical values that influenced the Renaissance are ________.
humanism, reason, rationalism, scientific expansion, and balance
Christian Humanists blended ideas from Christianity with classical ideas about the value of human beings. True or False?
True- The Christian Humanists of the Renaissance blended ideas from Christianity and the Classical Period to argue for the fundamental importance of the individual.
Science enhanced transatlantic travel through enhanced ship design, standardized navigational charts, and improved instruments. True or False?
TRUE
The European maritime exploration that took place during the 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries is referred to as the ___________.
Age of Exploration
Art of the Protestant Reformation stressed which of the following aspects or qualities?
Simplicity and piety
Acoording to Professor Kelly, the development of the printing press is believed to have NOT contributed to the Reformation. True or False
FALSE
classical humanism
emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man.
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Princeis a treatise on how to govern. Written in straightforward Italian (and not formal Latin), it was first published in 1532 but had circulated in manuscript previously. The book has become quite controversial because of the basic theme suggesting that leaders can use whatever means necessary to achieve their ends.
Niccolò Machiavelli wroteThe Prince, a treatise on _________.
how to govern
Which of the following statements best illustrates Renaissance humanism’s stress on engagement with the world?
“The whole glory of man lies in activity.”
Baldassare Castiglione
The Courtier
The Courtier
Castiglione presents the reader with a group of elegant attendants to the court of Duke Urbino who compete with each other to describe the perfect courtier. The competition takes place over the course of four days and debates the nature of men and women, love, nobility, humor, and all the ways in which a courtier is expected to embody these qualities.
The Courtier
Individualism and Self-Fashioning
The Prince
Humanism, Individualism, and Self-Fashioning
Niccolò Machiavelli presented the darker side of human possibility through his treatiseThe Prince. True or False?
TRUE
InThe Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione examined the process of fashioning one’s sense of self according to a set of socially acceptable standards. True or False?
TRUE
Literature in the Renaissance experimented with a wide range of styles that reflected an emphasis on the individual’s psychological complexity.
TRUE
William Shakespeare
Hamletchronicles a young prince as he agonizes over his duty as a son and his moral obligation to his life. Prior to the events of the play, Prince Hamlet’s uncle Claudius had murdered the King, seized the Danish throne, and married Hamlet’s mother. During the play’s action, Hamlet must decide whether to murder Claudius or commit suicide.
Christopher Marlowe
Doctor Faustusis the tale of a scholar who finds himself dissatisfied with the boundaries of academic pursuits. He decides to learn magic and sells his soul to Lucifer in exchange for 24 years of service from Mephistopheles, a devil. Despite many moments of unease, Faustus chooses not to repent and instead squanders his power on cheap tricks and fame, much at the expense of the people he meets. At the end of the 24 years, he becomes scared of his fate but still refuses to repent, and he is dragged away to hell. The tragedy comments on religion, salvation, and repentance; however, it is unclear whether the work supports or criticizes the Protestant influence of the time.
Renaissance theater differed from medieval theater in that…
Actors were largely professional
Renaissance playwrights borrowed which structure from Classical drama?
five acts
During the Renaissance, the roles of female characters in Shakespeare’s plays were played by ________.
young boys
In addition to being a playwright, Shakespeare was also?
a poet and actor
Chiaroscuro
to create the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
What helped Renaissance artists develop perspective?
the use of mathematics and optics
RENAISSANCE Which medium of art was particularly popular during the period
oil paints
Which of the following is considered to be one of Michelangelo’s masterpieces?
the statue of David
Dürer’s participation in the Protestant Reformation influenced his art in which way?
focusing his art on the private relationship between humans and God
Someone who has multiple talents in various disciplines is known as a(n) _________.
Renaissance man
The madrigal used religious content matched with a polyphonic melody. True or False?
false. The lyrics to the madrigal were secular rather than religious in nature.
Renaissance music departed from the music of the Middle Ages by having a less religious focus. True or False?
TRUE
“As Vesta was Descending” is an example of a madrigal because it praises the Queen. True or False?
false. “As Vesta was Descending” is an example of a madrigal in that it uses word painting throughout, and the notes ascend or descend depending on the literal textual meaning.
Improvements in trade and in communication contributed to cultural exchange during the Renaissance Period. True or False?
Improvements in both trade and communication helped the artists and thinkers of the Renaissance to share their ideas with other cultures while also receiving inspiration from works from around the world.
Luxury glass and ceramics that emerged in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries had their origins in
The Italian glass and ceramics prized by European courts and other collectors originated in the Middle East
What made someone the “ideal Renaissance person”?
He or she could speak several languages and had lived in a variety of places.
Early Renaissance humanists believe that a general education in the Humanities would benefit the community in which of the following ways
General education in the Humanities would create better citizens.
Today we might call someone a Renaissance man or woman if we mean that he or she __________.
knows a lot about many different subjects and is capable of excelling at them
heresy
A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrine of a religion or church.
maritime
Connected to the sea or seafaring
Renaissance Man
A term describing an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines.
iconoclasm
The deliberate destruction of religious art, imagery, icons, and other symbols or monuments.
allegory
A work of art which represents some abstract quality or idea, often religious or political, by means of symbolic representation
dialect
A form of language which is particular to a group of people, such as those belonging to a region or social class
Silk Road
An overland route from Constantinople to Beijing used in the trade of silks and spices between Europe and the Far East; it was eventually blocked by the Ottoman Empire and travel by sea became more popular.
self-fashioning
The process of fashioning one’s individual sense of self and public persona according to a set of socially acceptable standards.
In Praise of Folly
A satirical essay written by Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) in which he criticizes the abuses and corruption of Catholic doctrine in parts of the Catholic Church.
linear perspective
The creation of the illusion of depth based on the fact that parallel lines or edges appear to converge, and objects appear smaller as the distance between them and a viewer increases.
Martin Luther
German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation; argued that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds or works.
epistemology
The study of thinking.
Prose
Language that flows naturally as opposed to language that conforms to the beat of a rhythm such as in poetry.
rationalism
A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge.
balance
The achievement of putting different areas of the body in dynamic tension with one another.
The Prince
A political treatise written by Niccolò Machiavelli (1467-1527) in which he claims that the ends justify the means and that those with political power should use whatever advantage they have to keep it and control the populace
truth
The accurate and genuine reality of the world; that which is indisputably factual.
soliloquy
Speech by character in a drama expressing his or her inmost thoughts, heard by the audience but not by any other character.
blank verse
Poetry written in a metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but which does not rhyme
Renaissance
A period in Western history, from the 14th through the 16th centuries, marked by a revival of interest in the culture of Greco-Roman antiquity and a flourishing of artistic and intellectual achievement.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
sonnet
A form of poem that commonly contains 14 lines
Reformation art
Art movement of the 16th century, largely in Northern Europe, that reflected religious views of Protestant Reformation
humanism
The study of the creative and intellectual contributions of all human cultures.
madrigal
A polyphonic vocal work, usually written for four or five voices, setting a pastoral poem to music, performed without instrumental accompaniment, and intended for secular use.
symmetry
The pleasing or harmonious proportionate arrangement of corresponding parts of an artwork.
papal infallibility
Roman Catholic doctrine that the Pope cannot err when he speaks about faith or morality because of divine guidance.
individualism
That which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference.
chiaroscuro
The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
Age of Exploration
Time period between the early fifteenth to the early seventeenth centuries when Europeans sailed around the globe and transferred goods, food, plants, and people (in the form of slaves) transforming the countries they reached.
Which of the following individuals was NOT an Enlightenment philosopher?
Leonardo Bruni was a Renaissance philosopher. John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Denis Diderot were all Enlightenment philosophers.
The Age of Enlightenment was also called ________.
the Age of Reason
The classical movement in music falls between which two periods
The Baroque and Romantic Periods
The music of the Neoclassical Period differed from Baroque music in that ________.
it featured more variety in orchestral texture
Which one of the following statements about Neoclassical theater is true?
It featured intricate and elaborate costumes and sets.
Which of the following composers was a classical composer?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a classical composer.
Neoclassicism perpetuated the lavish, ornate aesthetic of the Baroque Period. True or False?
This is a false statement. Neoclassicism rejected the ostentatious displays of Baroque works and embraced harmony and balance.
Of the following artists, who worked within the Neoclassical movement?
Angelica Kauffmann was one of the few prominent female Neoclassical artists.
Enlightenment thinking valued all of the following EXCEPT __________.
mysticism
Which of the following images is from the Neoclassical Period
The image isOath of the Horatiiby Jacques-Louis David from the Neoclassical Period
The Age of Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Expansion. True or False
The Age of Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason.
Who said, “The age we live in is a busy age, in which knowledge is rapidly advancing towards perfection”?
It was English philosopher Jeremy Bentham who said, “The age we live in is a busy age, in which knowledge is rapidly advancing towards perfection.”
What was the goal of the Encyclopédie?
The Encyclopédie was a project started by French writers and thinkers to collect human knowledge in one place.
Rationalism
A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason over the senses in gaining knowledge.
Classicism
This theme was most evident in art, where aesthetic principles and themes had roots in Greco-Roman styles.
Deism
A religious philosophy that describes God as an architect or cosmic clockmaker who created the world according to scientific laws and principles and does not directly interfere in the functioning of the natural world.
Empiricism
Francis Bacon, the father of the scientific method, was an important influence on the Enlightenment because he believed, in accordance with this theme, that ideas should be based on testing and experience.
Order
This worldview of the Enlightenment thinkers was a belief in a comprehensible world under the direction of a Christian God who used natural laws to exert divine will.
Skepticism
This theme comes from the Greek philosophical school of thought that maintained human knowledge is limited and uncertain.
What position would an Enlightenment philosopher take on the following quote by Saint Augustine? “Faith is to believe what you do not see; the reward of this faith is to see what you believe.”
Enlightenment thinkers believed in using reason and logic to deduce truths about the world. Trusting without evidence, as the quote suggests a person do, conflicts with those Enlightenment principles.
Enlightenment thinkers valued order and therefore believed that a state should strictly control its citizens. True or false?
This statement is false. Enligtenment thinkers believed that natural world, despite being created by God, was ordered and therefore could be studied and understood by human beings.
What is empiricism?
or the theory that all knowledge comes from the direct experience of the senses, is the foundation of the modern scientific method, in which observation and experimentation lead to ideas and theories.
Which of the following beliefs would a deist likely hold?
Deists did believe in God as a creator of the universe and that God created the laws which govern the universe. However, they did not believe that God interfered in the natural world or daily lives of people, nor did they believe in miraculous events.
Given the values of the Enlightenment, which description below would you image best matches a “neoclassical” garden?
landscaping that is attractive but made to look,Neoclassical aesthetics focused on realism. natural
Enlightenment thinkers were willing to challenge authority in all arenas of life. True or False?
Challenges to received wisdom resulted in rapid scientific advancement, and skepticism of organized religion allowed for the development of new moral systems. Political reform and revolutions followed the questioning of the monarch’s previously established “divine right” to rule.
Nature was treated with suspicion during the Enlightenment. True or False?
he suspicion of authority and reliance on human reason made nature a newly important realm. Scientists came to believe that they could best study God’s work through the observation and analysis of nature.
Deists embraced religious authority from priests and kings. True or False?
Deists opposed both religious and political authority, both priests and kings, because they believed that each individual needed to be equally free to work out his or her own destiny.
Deists do not believe in divine intervention and therefore do not pray. True or False?
The deist God is a grand designer and creator, but he or she is not a close personal friend or consoler. Therefore, deists believe that prayer, ritual, and ceremony are not logical and have no value.
Denis Diderot
Worked with Jean le Rond d’Alembert to create theEncyclopédie.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed that a person is at his or her best in wholly natural environments and is corrupted by the environments of societ
John Locke
PublishedTwo Treatises of Government, which paved the way for modern forms of democracy.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Argued that women were capable of rationality and advocated for the advancement and education of women.
For Locke and the empiricists, moral behavior is based on ___________.
Pleasure (good) and pain (evil). We decide morality by our senses.
Which did Rousseau believe was an example of a barbaric practice justified by an over-rationalizing society?
Rousseau believed that the self is corrupted by more developed societies, which have lost the primal touch of prioritizing liberty; thus, they allow slavery.
According to Wollstonecraft, Rousseau’s idea that girls naturally prefer dressing, dolls, and talking is…
Wollstonecraft argued that girls learn these behaviors from watching their female relatives in their restricted lives.
Why was the novel an appropriate medium for conveying the theme of sympathy?
The novel was longer, which allowed for more emotional complexity. The novel’s length allowed for the development of complex characters and plots, evoking sympathy from readers as they became more and more invested.
How does the novelCandidereflect period themes
The novel attacks a number of different social and religious actions and institutions. Voltaire’s satire is asking readers to look candidly at evil.
Female actors performed in Neoclassical productions. True or False?
The use of female actors in Neoclassical plays was a new convention in England, while women had acted in other European countries in previous periods.
Neoclassical productions featured actors speaking naturally and wearing simple, realistic costumes. True or False?
This statement is false. Actors in Neoclassical productions spoke highly stylized language while wearing elaborate costumes.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Neoclassical playTartuffe?
Tartuffeis a critique of false religious piety.
Name the creator of the following Neoclassical work of art:
This is Jacques-Louis David’sOath of the Horatii.
Neoclassical Period art depicted scenes of civic virtue. True or False?
True: Neoclassical Period artists celebrated civic virtue and morality.
What type of painting was Angelica Kauffmann known for?
Kauffmann because a famous and popular portrait painter
Which of the following structures is NOT an example of Neoclassical architecture?
St. Paul’s Cathedral in London is an example of architecture from the Baroque Period NOT an example of Neoclassical.
According to Dr. Paula Carabell, what elements found in the paintingOath of the Horatiiindicate that it is representative of the Neoclassical Period?
Neoclassicism pulled from Roman art and architecture is represented in the Roman arches of the painting. In addition, the anguished figures of the women reflect the notion that they are destined to lose their husbands, brothers, or sons to battle, as there was a prevailing notion that allegiance to country was more important than allegiance to family.
According to Dr. Paula Carabell, the paintingThe Death of Maratlikens Marat to which historical figure?
The Death of Marat, a posture that, at the time, was well-known to represent Christ.
What is unusual about the workEine kleine Nachtmusik?
One of the mysteries surrounding Mozart’sEine kleine Nachtmusikis the fifth movement is lost.
Which of the following life stressors may have influenced the mood and tone of Mozart’sSymphony No. 40 in G minor?
Mozart’s wife’s ill health put a serious strain on him and, coupled with a decline in popularity and his father’s death, may have contributed to the dischordant, frantic tone of the piece.
If the musical notationstaccatoinstructs the bassoons and flutes inThe Clock Symphonyto set a tone similar to the “tick-tock” of Big Ben, we can infer that staccato means…
The term staccato indicates that the notes should be short and separated, like the ticking of a clock.
Mozart’sLe Nozze De Figarois a(n) _________________.
Opera
Classical music is more focused on polyphony and ornamentation than music from the Baroque Period. True or False?
False. Classical music is more focused on balance, order, and structural clarity than the music from the Baroque Period. It features a more homophonic texture, which elevated shorter, more lyrical melodies over slower, more chordal harmonic progressions.
Enlightenment
The abolitionist movement in North America began during the Enlightenment. Some of the earliest outspoken critics of slavery were Enlightenment philosophers, authors, and artists. Enlightened thinkers embraced reason and individualized thought, causing many of them to reject the tradition of slavery.
Added to the landscape of Enlightenment
Slave narratives and slave songs
slave narratives, slave songs—or spirituals
emerged during the period. These songs usually contained a Christian message and were originallymonophonicand performeda cappella. Spirituals were heavily influenced by African music and some of the songs, called “shouts,” featured dancing, hand clapping, and foot tapping. Spirituals, like thefield holler*, made use of call and response
ENLIGHTENMENT PURSUIT OF REASON AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND DIVERISTY WERE KEY ASPECTS.
ENLIGHTENMENT THINKING
EMPHASIZED THE ROLE THAT INDIVIUAL THOUGHT COULD PLAY IN CROSSING ALL RACIAL AND RELIGIOUS LINES
Which statement summarizes a trend of the Enlightenment?
The mixing of many cultures brought new information, which allowed thinkers and philosophers to evaluate more than one voice before making a personal opinion; hence, higher thought was encouraged during the Enlightenment.
What philosophy was widely popular during the Enlightenment?
Enlightenment thinkers, fueled by a new diversity of knowledge, believed that individual thought both challenged existing traditions and would transcend socio-political, racial, and religious boundaries.
Which of the following is true of spirituals, or slave songs?
Spirituals were usually performeda cappella,or without instrumental accompaniment.
Counterpoint
The simplest form of harmony features at least two melodic lines (referred to as voices or parts) of equal value played against one another.
Satire
Genre in which human or individual weaknesses or shortcomings are shown by means of ridicule, derision, irony, or other methods, often with the intent to expose or correct.
Opera
A fully-produced, multi-sectional work for the theater whose text (or libretto) is primarily sung by soloists and a chorus, and which is accompanied by instruments, usually a large orchestra.
Neoclassicism
Art movement of 18th century that drew on Greek and Roman art for models of harmony, idealized realism, and reason.
Chiaroscuro
The creation of the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.
Order
Natural laws that Enlightenment thinkers believed should guide the structure of civilized life.
Fortepiano
An early form of the piano originating in the 18th and early 19th centuries and having a smaller range and softer timbre than a modern piano
Individualism
Individualism is that which separates one unique person from another, as well as the social and philosophical viewpoint that celebrates that difference.
Empiricism
Philosophical doctrine that says all knowledge is derived from our senses.
Rationalism
A point of view that emphasizes the role of reason, over the senses, in gaining knowledge.
Enlightenment
The period in Western history spanning the 17th and 18th centuries, during which a notable shift toward rational thinking and advancement occurred in science, philosophy, society, and politics.
Philosophes
A term used to refer to French Enlightenment philosophers
Progress
The steady march of advancements made in certain intellectual areas that allow the human race to develop and grow.
Monophonic
Music that contains only a single part.
Skepticism
Greek philosophical school that maintained human knowledge was limited and uncertain, and probability of correct morality was enough for acting in a moral fashion. Skepticism also refers to a general attitude of questioning and doubting assertions, and maintaining that the accumulation of evidence is of fundamental importance.
Deism
The belief that God created the natural laws that govern nature but does not directly intervene or interfere in any way.
