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Chemistry > C10- Using Resources > Flashcards

C10- Using Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of glass do we use the most?

A

Soda Lime Glass

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2
Q

What are the two types of glass?

A

Soda-lime glass
Borosilicate glass

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3
Q

How is soda lime glass made?

A

It is made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

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4
Q

How is borosilicate glass made?

A

It is made by heating sand and boron trioxide

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5
Q

Does soda-lime or borosilicate glass melt at a lower temperature?

A

Soda-lime melts at a lower temperature than borosilicate

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6
Q

Give two examples of clay ceramics?

A

Pottery
Bricks

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7
Q

How are clay ceramics made?

A

They are made by shaping wet clay and then heating it in a furnace to harden it

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8
Q

What two things do the properties of polymers depend on?

A

-What monomers they are
made from
-The conditions under which they are made

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9
Q

How is a polymer formed?

A

Joining together a large number of monomers

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10
Q

What conditions can affect the properties of a polymer?

A

Temperature
Pressure
Use of a catalyst

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11
Q

Is low-density or high-density poly(ethene) harder?

A

High-density poly(ethene) is harder than low-density poly(ethene)

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12
Q

What are both low density and high density poly(ethene) are produced from?

A

Ethene

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13
Q

Why do low density and high density poly(ethene) have different properties?

A

They are produced under different reaction conditions and with different catalysts

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14
Q

What is the structure of a thermosetting polymer?
Why does this affect its properties?

A

Polymer chains with many, strong cross links. This means it doesn’t melt when it is heated.

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15
Q

What is the structure of a thermosoftening polymer?
Why does this affect its properties?

A

Individual, tangled polymer chains which can be easily separated.
This means it can easily melt when it is heated.

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16
Q

How do the structures of high density and low density poly(ethene) differ?
How does this affect their properties?

A

Low density polyethene has weaker forces of attraction as the chains are further apart. This means it has a low melting point and is soft.

High density polyethene has stronger forces of attraction as the chains are closer together. This means it has a high melting point.

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17
Q

What are composites made of?

A

A combination of two materials:
-a reinforcement- consists of fibres/fragments of one material
-a matrix/binder material that surrounds the reinforcement

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18
Q

Two examples of composites
-What are they made of?
-What are they used for?

A

Carbon fibre composite:
-Reinforcement= fibres of carbon
Matrix= plastic resin
-Very strong and light so is used for cars and aircraft parts.

Reinforced concrete
-Reinforcement= steel bars
Matrix= concrete
- Extremely strong so used to make buildings

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19
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

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20
Q

What is rusting an example of?

A

Corrosion

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21
Q

What is needed for iron to rust?

A

Air and water

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22
Q

How can corrosion be prevented?
Give examples

A

Corrosion can be prevented by applying a coating that acts as a barrier, such as:
-greasing
-painting
-electroplating
-sacrificial protection (e.g. galvanisation)

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23
Q

How is sacrificial protection provided?
Give an example

A

A more reactive metal is used to coat another less reactive metal in order to prevent corrosion

Example: zinc is used to galvanise iron.

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24
Q

Most metals in everyday use are _____

A

alloys

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25
Q

What is bronze an alloy of?

A

Copper and tin.

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26
Q

What is brass an alloy of?

A

Copper and zinc

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27
Q

What is gold used in?
What is it an alloy of?

A

Gold used as jewellery

It is usually an alloy with silver, copper and zinc.

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28
Q

What is the proportion of gold in the alloy is measured in?

A

Carats

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29
Q

What proportion of the alloy is gold in 24 carat gold?

A

100%

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30
Q

What proportion of the alloy is gold in 18 carat gold?

A

75%

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31
Q

What are steels?

A

Steels are alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals

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32
Q

Properties of high carbon steel

A

-Hard
-Brittle

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33
Q

Properties of low carbon steel

A

-Softer
-Easily shaped

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34
Q

What are stainless steels?

A

Steels containing chromium and nickel

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35
Q

Properties of stainless steels

A

-Hard
-Resistant to corrosion.

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36
Q

Are aluminium alloys high or low density?

A

Low

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37
Q

The Earth’s resources of metal ores are _____

A

Limited

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38
Q

Copper ores are becoming _____

A

Scarce

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39
Q

Name two new ways of extracting
copper from low-grade ores

A

-Phytomining
-Bioleaching

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40
Q

What do phytomining, and bioleaching avoid?

A

They avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

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41
Q

Stages of phytomining

A

-Plants are planted on low-grade ore sites
-As the plants grow, copper compounds are taken up by the roots
-The plants are harvested and burned to ash which contains the copper compounds
-The ash is dissolved in sulphuric acid to form a solution which contains copper compounds
-The solution is displaced by scrap iron and electrolysis is used to obtain pure copper

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42
Q

Stages of bioleaching

A

-low-grade copper sites are flooded with bacteria
-bacteria absorb copper from the surroundings
-liquid is passed through a large colony of bacteria to produce a leachate solution, which contains copper compounds
-copper is extracted from the solution by displacement using scrap iron and then electrolysis

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43
Q

What do humans use the Earth’s resources for?

A

To provide warmth, shelter, food and transport

44
Q

Natural resources, supplemented by agriculture, provide _______

A

Food, timber, clothing and fuels

45
Q

What are finite resources from the Earth, the oceans and the atmosphere processed for?

A

To provide energy and materials

46
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Resources that cannot be replenished at the rate they are being used up, so they will run out

47
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Resources that can be replenished at the rate they are being used up, so they won’t run out

48
Q

Examples of natural products that are supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products

A

Fertiliser- used to use manure but now use ammonia produced by the Haber process
Cotton- used to be natural but now most is synthetic

49
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

50
Q

What should potable water always have?

A

Sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

51
Q

How is potable water produced from rain water (fresh water)?

A

1) choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
2) passing the water through filter beds to remove any large pieces of rock, twigs etc
3) sterilisation, with sterilising agents such as chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet light, to remove any bacteria and microbes

52
Q

What must be done to sea water before it is able to be used as drinking water?

A

Desalination

53
Q

Two methods of desalination

A

-distillation
-processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis

54
Q

What is the problem with desalination?

A

The process requires a lot of energy, making it very expensive

55
Q

Why are life cycle assessments carried out?

A

To assess the environmental impact of products at each stage of their production, usage and disposal

56
Q

Stages of an LCA

A

-extracting and processing raw materials
-manufacturing and packaging
-use and operation during its lifetime
-disposal at the end of its useful life,

(including transport and distribution at each stage)

57
Q

Problems with LCAs

A

-Allocating numerical values to
pollutant effects requires value
judgements, so LCA is not a purely objective process.
-Selective or abbreviated LCAs can be devised to evaluate a product but these can be misused to reach pre-determined conclusions, e.g. in support of claims for advertising purposes

58
Q

What do humans use the Earth’s resources for?

A

To provide warmth, shelter, food
and transport

59
Q

What do natural resources, supplemented by agriculture provide?

A

They provide food, timber, clothing and fuels

60
Q

Where do we find finite resources?

A

The Earth, oceans and atmosphere

61
Q

Finite resources from the Earth, oceans and atmosphere are processed to provide _______

A

Energy and materials

62
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

63
Q

What does chemistry play an important role in?

A

Improving agricultural and industrial processes to provide new products and in sustainable development

64
Q

What needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste water?

A

Organic matter and harmful microbes

65
Q

What needs to be removed from industrial waste water?

A

Organic matter and harmful chemicals

66
Q

Stages of sewage treatment

A

-screening and grit removal
-sedimentation to produce sewage
sludge and effluent
-anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
-aerobic biological treatment of effluent.

67
Q

What does the reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials lead to?

A

A reduction in the use of limited resources, use of energy sources, waste
and environmental impacts.

68
Q

What materials are produced from limited raw materials?

A

Metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics and most plastics

69
Q

What are metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics and most plastics produced from?

A

Limited raw materials

70
Q

What does obtaining raw materials from the Earth by quarrying and mining cause?

A

Environmental impacts

71
Q

How can glass bottles be reused?

A

Glass bottles can be crushed and melted to make different glass products

72
Q

What is done if a product can’t be reused?

A

It is recycled for a different use

73
Q

How can metals be reused?

A

Metals can be recycled by melting and recasting or reforming into different products

74
Q

What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on?

A

The material and the properties required of the final product

75
Q

How can the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from iron ore be reduced?

A

When recycling the iron, some scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace

76
Q

What is the Haber process used for?

A

To produce ammonia

77
Q

What can ammonia be used for?

A

-to produce nitrogen-based fertilisers
-in cleaning products

78
Q

What are the raw materials for the Haber process?

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

79
Q

Where does the nitrogen used in the Haber process come from?

A

The air

80
Q

Where does the hydrogen used in the Haber process come from?

A

-crude oil
-methane from biogas generators

81
Q

What conditions are used for the Haber process?

A

-High temperature (about 450°C)
-High pressure (about 200 atmospheres)

82
Q

What type of reaction is the Haber process? What does this mean in the context of the process?

A

Reversible, meaning some of the ammonia produced breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen

83
Q

How is the ammonia removed? What happens to the remaining hydrogen and nitrogen?

A

The ammonia is cooled and liquefied. The remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled back into the system so it can react to produce more ammonia.

84
Q

Why can’t a very high pressure be used for the Haber process?

A

It can cause the equipment to explode, so reinforced equipment would have to be used, which is very expensive. Also, the large amount of energy needed to provide the conditions would make it very expensive.

85
Q

What elements do NPK fertilisers contain?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

86
Q

What are NPK fertilisers used for?

A

To improve agricultural productivity

87
Q

Advantages of phytomining

A

-reduces the need to extract new ore by mining
-conserves the limited supply of high-grade copper ores

88
Q

Disadvantages of phytomining

A

-slow process

89
Q

Advantages of bioleaching

A

-reduces the need to extract new ore by mining
-conserves the limited supply of high-grade copper ores

90
Q

Disadvantages of bioleaching

A

-very slow process (can take years)
-some toxic chemicals may be produced which could harm wildlife

91
Q

What are NPK fertilisers formulations of?

A

NPK fertilisers are formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements

92
Q

What can ammonia be used to manufacture?

A

Ammonium salts and nitrates

93
Q

What compounds that are needed to produce NPK fertilisers are obtained by mining?

A

-Potassium chloride
-Potassium sulfate
-Phosphate rock

94
Q

Can phosphate rock be used directly as a fertiliser?

A

No

95
Q

How does phosphate rock produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers?

A

Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulfuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers

96
Q

Why does the Haber process use a high temperature instead of a low temperature which moves equilibrium to the right, producing ammonia?

A

Relying on a low temperature would mean the rate of ammonia production is very slow, so instead yield is compromised for the rate of production

97
Q

What catalyst is used in the Haber process?

A

Iron

98
Q

Phosphate rock reacts with nitric acid to produce ….

A

Calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid

99
Q

Phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid to produce ….

A

Single superphosphate (a mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate)

100
Q

What is single superphosphate?

A

A mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate

101
Q

Phosphate rock reacts with phosphoric acid to produce…

A

Triple superphosphate (calcium phosphate)

102
Q

What is triple superphosphate?

A

Calcium phosphate

103
Q

Compare the production of fertilisers in labs and in industry

A

Labs:
-batch production
-uses less concentrated solutions so is more safe

Industry:
-continuous production
-very concentrated solutions are used so it is a very exothermic reaction, meaning lots of heat is produced so it can be dangerous

104
Q

Experiment to show conditions needed for corrosion

A

1) Place 6 nails into 6 test tubes
2) Keep one test tube empty with no lid as a control to compare the other results to
3) Fill the other five test tubes with different things: salty water, pure water, water with a layer of oil, salt, calcium chloride
4) Leave the test tubes on a rack for a week to see how the conditions affect rusting

105
Q

Experiment to analyse a sample of water

A

1) Use universal indicator to test the pH of the water.
2) Measure and record the mass of an empty evaporating basin.
3) Pour 10 cm3
water into the evaporating basin and evaporate the water using a bunsen burner until the most of the water has evaporated.
4) Once the evaporating basin is cool, reweigh and record the change in mass.
5) Calculate the mass of dissolved solids in the water.

106
Q

Experiment to purify a sample of water by distillation

A

1) Place the water sample in a conical flask and set up the apparatus for distillation.
2) Heat the water gently using a bunsen burner until it boils. Then reduce the heat so the
water boils gently.
3) Collect around 1 cm depth of water in the cooled test tube, then stop turn the bunsen
burner off.
4) Analyse the water you have distilled with cobalt chloride paper

Chemistry (12 decks)

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