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Chemistry > C10 - Using resources > Flashcards

C10 - Using resources Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we use resources for?

A

to provide warmth, shelter, food and transport.

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2
Q

What is agriculture?

A

creates natural resources to provide clothes, food and duels. It helps us to use the Earth’s resources more efficiently.

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3
Q

What can natural resources by replaced with?

A

synthetic resources e.g. rubber made from crude oil

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4
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Resources which cannot be replaced as quickly as they are being used. e.g. fossil fuels+metals. One day with will run out. They are processed to provide energy and materials.

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5
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

resources which will never run out as we can replace these resources as quickly as we can use them. e.g. wood

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6
Q

What should be in drinking water?

A

low levels of dissolved salts such as sodium chloride. cannot have high levels of microbes such as bacteria.

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7
Q

What is potable water?

A

water that is safe to drink. Not have ph7. It is not pure water in the chemical sense because it contains dissolved substances.

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8
Q

What is pure water?

A

Contains no dissolved substances.

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9
Q

What provides most of our potable water in the UK?

A

Rain water. Contains low levels of dissolved substances.

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10
Q

What is fresh water?

A

low dissolved substances and low microbes. e.g. rain, lakes, rivers

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11
Q

What is ground water?

A

low dissolved substances and contains microbes. e.g. underground aquifers, porous rock

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12
Q

What is sea water?

A

found in seas and oceans. High dissolved substances and microbes

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13
Q

What is waste water?

A

from homes, industry and agriculture. High levels of dissolved substances and microbes present.

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14
Q

Where does rain water collect?

A

aquifers, lakes, rivers and reservoirs.- good source of fresh water

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15
Q

How do we produce potable water?

A

(1) choose a good source of fresh water e.g a river
(2) pass the water through filter beds. That is to remove materials such as leaves and suspended particles.
(3) water so sterilised to kill microbes. In the UK we use chlorine (or ozone o UV light) to sterilise potable water.

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16
Q

What do we do if fresh water supplies are limited?

A

DESALINATION of salty water or sea water.

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17
Q

What is desalination?

A

Processes used when there are high levels of dissolved minerals in water (sea). It reduces the levels of dissolved minerals down to an acceptable level for potable water.

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18
Q

How does desalination work?

A

Done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis. These req. large amounts of energy.

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19
Q

What is waste water?

A

When urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment as they contain large amounts of organic molecules. e.g. urine and faeces. Contains harmful bacteria

20
Q

waste water treatment: screening and grit removal:

A

sewage is screened by passing through a mesh which removes solids and grit

21
Q

waste water treatment: production of sewage sludge and effluent

A

sewage settles in large sedimentation tanks which produces a liquid effluent and semi-solid sludge

22
Q

What happens to the sludge?

A

It is taken away and digested by anaerobic bacteria which produced biogas. This is burned for electricity and used as fertilisers for farming.

23
Q

What happens to effluent?

A

Contains large amount of organic molecules and harmful microorganisms. Air bubbled through liquid effluent. This allows aerobic bacteria to multiple and digest organic molecules and harmful microorganisms. It is then safely discharged into the sea.

24
Q

What do aquifers do?

A

Easiest way to produce potable water. It is safe to drink but can sometimes be polluted e.g. fertilisers from farms. The water needs to be tested carefully.

25
Q

What is a metal ore?

A

contains enough metal to make it economical to extract metal. Extracted from crust in mines.

26
Q

What methods are used to extract copper from low-grade ores?

A

PHYTOMINING and BIOLEACHING.
These methods avoid traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing rock. They also allow us to economically extract metals from low grade ores.

27
Q

What is phytomining?

A

plants grown on land containing metal compound. The plants absorb metal and concentrate it in their tissue. Then they are harvested and burned. Produces ash which contains high conc of metal.

28
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Uses bacteria mixed with low-grade ore. The bacteria carry out chemical reactions which produce a solution called a leachate which contain metals compounds.

29
Q

What happens after phytomining and bioleaching?

A

we need to extract the metal from the compound - displace the metal. You can also extract using electrolysis.

30
Q

What is the purpose of a life cycle assessment (LCA)?

A

To assess the environmental impact of products

31
Q

What is the life-cycle assessment?

A

different stages in a product’s life cycle

32
Q

What are the 4 main stages of the life-cycle assessment?

A
  1. extracting and processing raw materials
  2. manufacturing and packaging the product
  3. using the product
  4. disposing the product
33
Q

Give ways in which ‘extracting and processing the raw materials’ can damage the environment.

A

extracting damages the local environment e.g. cutting down trees, mines. Processing indirectly damages environment by using huge amounts if energy e.g. fractional distillation and pollutants can be released.

34
Q

Give ways in which ‘manufacturing and packaging the product’ can damage the environment.

A

(1) energy use
(2) pollution - carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride
(3) waste products

35
Q

Give ways in which ‘using the product’ can damage the environment.

A

2 things to consider:
(1) how much damage it does during its lifetime
e.g. how polluting driving a car is
(2) how long the product is used for
e.g. single use bag v nice bag

36
Q

Give ways in which ‘disposing of the product’ can damage the environment.

A

LANDFILLS - space could have been used for nature and chemicals can seep into ecosystems
BURNING WASTE - releases pollutants into the atmosphere
ENERGY USED TO TRANSPORT

37
Q

What common properties do materials have?

A

Melting point - the temperature at which a solid melts into a liquid.
Conductivity - how well a material conducts electricity.
Strength - the ability of a material to resist an applied force (it is hard to change the shape of a strong material).
Hardness - how well a material can resist being scratched or indented (hard materials don’t scratch).
Brittleness - how easily a material breaks when a force it applied (brittle materials snap easily).
Stiffness - how well a material can resist bending (a stiff material won’t bend very much).

38
Q

What are ceramics

A

a group of hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials.
They are made by shaping and then firing a non-metallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Two main groups of ceramics are clay ceramics and glass.

39
Q

What are clay ceramics?

A

Clay ceramics include brick, china and porcelain. They are made by shaping wet clay while it’s soft and then heating it to a high temperature in a furnace, which causes it to harden.
They have a high compressive strength, which is why bricks can be used for building.

40
Q

What is glass?

A

Most of the glass we use is soda-lime glass. This is made by melting a mixture of sand (silicon oxide), sodium carbonate, and limestone, then allowing the molten liquid to cool and solidify.
Borosilicate glass is made by heating sand with boron trioxide. Borosilicate glass has a much higher melting point than soda-lime glass.
Glass is transparent, strong and a good thermal insulator, which makes it useful for windows.

41
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A composite material consists of two or more materials with different properties, that have been combined to produce a material with more desirable properties.

42
Q

What 2 components are composite materials made from?

A

The reinforcement - often long solid fibres or fragments.
The matrix - which binds the reinforcement together. Usually something that starts soft and then hardens.

43
Q

What are the properties of polymers?

A

polymers are flexible, easily shaped, and good insulators of heat and electricity.

44
Q

What are the 2 mains forms of Poly(ethene)?

A

low-density poly(ethene) (LDPE) and high-density poly(ethene) (HDPE).

45
Q

What are the conditions, properties and uses of LDPE - low-density poly(ethene)?

A

Conditions: Moderate temperatures, high pressure, catalyst
Properties: More flexible but weaker
Uses: Carrier bags

46
Q

What are the conditions, properties and uses of HDPE - high-density poly(ethene)?

A

Conditions: Low temperature/pressure, catalyst
Properties: More rigid but stronger
Uses: Drainpipes

47
Q
A

Chemistry (2 decks)

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