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chemistry paper 2 > C10 - Pixl > Flashcards

C10 - Pixl Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Describe two ways that humans use the Earth’s natural resources.
A

warmth
shelter
food
transport.

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2
Q
  1. Explain what the term finite means and give an example.
A

finite – being used up faster than it is made, any suitable example.

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3
Q
  1. What three areas do humans process finite resources from?
A

Earth, oceans and the atmosphere.

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4
Q
  1. What is meant by the term sustainable development?
A

the development that that meets the needs of current generations
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.

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5
Q
  1. Why is potable water not described as pure water by scientists?
A

It contains dissolved substances.

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6
Q
  1. What does the method used to produce potable water depend upon?
A

available supplies of water and local conditions.

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7
Q
  1. How is most potable water in the UK produced?
A

choosing an appropriate source of fresh water
passing the water through filter beds
sterilising.

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8
Q
  1. What two methods can be used for the desalination of salty water?
A

distillation

reverse osmosis.

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9
Q
  1. What needs to be removed from sewage and agricultural waste water?
A

Organic matter and harmful microbes.

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10
Q
  1. What needs to be removed from industrial waste water?
A

Organic matter and harmful chemicals.

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11
Q
  1. What are the four stages in the treatment of sewage?
A

screening and grit removal

sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent

anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

aerobic biological treatment of effluent.

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12
Q
  1. # What type of ores can phytomining and bioleaching be used on?
A

low-grade ores

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13
Q
  1. Why are phytomining and bioleaching used?
A

Avoids traditional mining methods of

digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock.

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14
Q
  1. How does phytomining extract metals?
A

Uses plants to absorb metal compounds
the plants are harvested and burned
this produces ash that contains metal compounds.

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15
Q
  1. Bioleaching uses bacteria to make leachate solutions that contain metal
    compounds, describe two ways the metals are extracted from these solutions.
A

displacement using scrap iron

electrolysis.

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16
Q

Minor topic:
1. Life cycle assessments are carried out to assess the environmental impact of what
stages of a product?

A

extracting and processing raw materials
manufacturing and packaging
use and operation during its lifetime
disposal at the end of its useful life

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17
Q

Minor topic:

2. What areas of life cycle assessments can be easily quantified?

A

water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes.

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18
Q

Minor topic:

3. Why are value judgements needed in the production of life cycle assessments?

A

numerical values need to be allocated

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19
Q

Minor topic:

1. Name three things that reduce the use of limited resources.

A

reuse, reduction in use and recycling.

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20
Q

Minor topic:

2. Name three materials produced from limited resources.

A

metals/glass/building materials/ceramics/plastics/any

reasonable.

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21
Q

Minor topic:

3. Other than reusing how are glass bottles recycled

A

crushed and melted

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22
Q

Minor topic:

4. How are metals recycled?

A

melting and recasting

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22
Q

Minor topic:

1. What is corrosion?

A

Destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in
the environment.

23
Q

Minor topic:

2. What is rusting?

A

Corrosion of iron.

24
Q

Minor topic:

3. What is needs to be present for iron to rust?

A

water and air

25
Q

Minor topic:

5. Name four methods of preventing corrosion.

A

Greasing, painting, electroplating, galvanising

26
Q

Minor topic:

6. Why would coating iron with zinc prevent corrosion?

A

Zinc more reactive than iron, sacrificial protection, oxygen react
with zinc rather than iron.

27
Q

Minor topic:

7. Why does aluminium not corrode?

A

Layer of aluminium oxide.

28
Q

Minor topic:

8. Name the metals in the alloy bronze.

A

Copper and tin

29
Q

Minor topic:

9. Name the metals in the alloy brass.

A

copper and zinc

30
Q

Minor topic:

10.Gold jewellery is usually an alloy with which metals?

A

Silver, copper, zinc.

31
Q

Minor topic:

11. What does the term 24 carat gold mean?

A

100% pure gold

32
Q

Minor topic:

12.What are steels?

A

Alloys of iron.

33
Q

Minor topic:

13.What are the properties of high carbon steel?

A

Strong, brittle.

34
Q

Minor topic:

14.What are the properties of low carbon steel?

A

Softer, more easily shaped.

35
Q

Minor topic:

15.What metals are added to iron to make stainless steel?

A

Chromium, nickel.

36
Q

Minor topic:

16.What are the properties of stainless steel?

A

Hard, resistant to corrosion.

37
Q

Minor topic:

1. How is soda-lime glass made?

A

Heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone.

38
Q

Minor topic:

2. How is borosilicate glass made?

A

Heating a mixture of sand and boron trioxide.

39
Q

Minor topic:

3. How do soda-lime and borosilicate glass differ?

A

Borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature.

40
Q

Minor topic:

4. How are clay ceramics made?

A

Shaping wet clay, heating in a furnace.

41
Q

Minor topic:

5. Give 2 examples of clay ceramics.

A

Brick and pottery

42
Q

Minor topic:

6. What are low density and high density poly(ethene) made from?

A

Ethene.

43
Q

Minor topic:

7. What is a thermosetting polymer?

A

Do not melt when heated, have cross links.

44
Q

Minor topic:

8. What is a thermosoftening polymer?

A

Melt when heated, no cross links.

45
Q

Minor topiv:

9. What is a composite made of?

A

A matrix or binder and fibres or fragments.

46
Q

minor topic:

10. Give 3 examples of composites.

A

Fibre glass, wood, concrete, reinforced concrete.

47
Q
  1. What is a reversible reaction?
A

The products of the reaction can react to produce the original
reactants

48
Q
  1. (HT) Give the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between
    nitrogen and hydrogen to produce ammonia.
A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) –> 2NH3(g)

should be a reversible arrow

49
Q
  1. (HT) What compromises are made in the reaction conditions for
    the production of ammonia in the Haber process?
A

Slightly higher temperature
– to increase rate of reaction;

slightly lower pressure
– to reduce cost and increase safety.

50
Q
  1. What three elements do most fertilisers contain?
A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

NPK

51
Q
  1. What is produced when ammonia reacts with nitric acid?
A

Salt, ammonium nitrate

52
Q
  1. Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between

ammonia and nitric acid.

A

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3

no reversible arrow

53
Q
  1. Name two salts which are mined and can be used as fertilisers.
A

Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate.

54
Q
  1. State why phosphate rock cannot be used directly as a fertiliser.
A

Insoluble

55
Q
  1. What can phosphate rock be treated with to produce soluble
    salts?
A

acid

56
Q
  1. Name the salt produced when phosphate rock reacts with:
    a. Nitric acid
    b. Sulfuric acid
    c. Phosphoric acid.
A

a. Nitric acid
Calcium nitrate

b. Sulfuric acid
Single superphosphate

c. Phosphoric acid.
Triple superphosphate.

chemistry paper 2 (4 decks)

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