C10 - Organic Reactions Flashcards
D. Functional group?
an atom or group of atoms that give organic compounds their characteristic reactions (eg. carbon double bond)
D. Homologous series?
a group of related organic compounds that have the same functional group
General formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
Why do alkenes burn with a smokier, yellow flame, and release less energy per mole in combustion compared to alkanes?
because there is incomplete combustion
Reactivity of alkenes compared to alkanes?
alkenes are far more reactive
Test for alkenes?
turns orange bromine water colourless
How do alkenes react with hydrogen, halogens and steam?
by adding molecules across the carbon-carbon double bond, and forming a saturates molecule
Word equation for complete combustion of ethene?
ethene + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
Product formed when pentene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst?
pentane
Product formed when ethene reacts with steam in the presence of a catalyst?
ethanol
3 main homologous series we look at?
alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids
Functional group for carboxylic acids?
-COOH
Functional group for esters?
replace H in -COOH group with a hydrocarbon, eg -CH3 or -C2H5
Functional group for alcohols?
-OH
Uses of alcohols?
solvents, fuels, drinks
D. Fermentation?
The reaction in which enzymes in yeast turn glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide
E. Complete combustion of ethanol?
ethanol + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
Reaction of ethanol with sodium?
sodium effervesces (gives off bubbles of gas), produces hydrogen gas and gets smaller as it forms sodium ethoxide solution
E. Reaction of sodium and ethanol?
sodium + ethanol –> sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
E. Oxidation of ethanol?
ethanol + oxygen atoms from oxidising agent –> ethanoic acid + water
How can ethanol be oxidised?
by chemical oxidising agents or by action of microbes in the air
pH value of carboxylic acid solutions?
less then 7
Carboxylic acids are: strong or weak?
weak
How are esters made?
reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of s strong acid catalyst
Uses of esters?
flavourings and perfumes
E. Forming an ester? (general)
carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇌ (acid catalyst) ester + water
alkene + hydrogen = ….
what conditions?
alkanes
nickel catalyst, 60 degrees
alkenes + water = ….
name of reaction
catalyst?
alcohols
hydration
hot phosphoric acid
alkenes + halogen = ….
haloalkane
ethanol + oxidising agent = …
name of reaction?
ethanoic acid + water
oxidisation
carboxylic acid + alcohol ⇌ …
catalyst?
ester + water
acid catalyst
